Psych Test Review Chapter 14 - Personality Theories
Abraham Maslow
-believed that people recognize their desire to achieve self-actualization -individuals must take risks and follow their own path in quest for continued personal growth
Karen Horney
-childhood experiences play a major role in the development of the adult personality -parent/child relationship is of utmost importance -loving, secure childhood = positive personality, fewer conflicts
John Watson and B.F. Skinner (behaviorism)
-external forces shape behavior (environmental forces condition us) -focus is on observation and positive reinforcement -individuals can also have response tendencies: certain degree of consistency in their behaviors
Erik Erikson
-social relationships are the most important fact in personality development (esp. emotional climate between mom and child) -people are capable of making their own choices during various stages of life (8 stages of man)
Carl Rogers
Believed that people shape their own personalities through freedom of choice and action
Albert Bandura (Social-Learning Theory)
Learning of personality traits/characteristics through observations and imitation of liked/respected individuals
projection
accusing others of faults one cannot acknowledge in one's self
reaction formation
acting contrary to true feelings in order to hide them
extroversion
active expressive gain energy from others, love to be the center of attention
identity crisis
adolescence - search for who you are
repression
anxiety causing ideas are pushed into the subconscious so they do not need to be dealt with directly
self efficacy
belief in one's own capabilities and the fact that each of us can intentionally affect the environment
Alfred Adler
believed in birth order as an influencing factor of personality
The Trait Approach
certain aspects of personality remain reasonably stable (based on behavior)
sublimation
channeling unacceptable impulses into socially unacceptable behaviors
ego
conscious - reality principle, represents good service and reasoning
inferiority complex
feelings of inadequacy and insecurity - individuals are motivated to overcome by striving for goals (source: our small size as children - need to compensate for it)
the sociocultural approach
focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality development
Humanistic approach
freedom of choice and potential for growth - people choose their behavior/characteristics (and therefore are responsible for their choices) -theory assumes that individuals are self-aware and are always striving for self fulfillment
congruence
healthy state in which our self-concept is similar to our experiences with others
sibling rivalry
jealousies between siblings - fighting for parents' attention, approval, support, resources
defense mechanisms
methods used by the ego to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause anxiety, they operate unconsciously
superego
morality principle values and standards develops in early childhood
surface traits
obvious personality traits
Carl Jung
placed emphasis on the influences of mysticism and religious upon personality/behavior -believed that individuals must integrate elements of their personalities in order to become a whole person
socialization
process by which people learn society desirable behaviors and adapt them as part of their personality
introversion
quiet, imaginative, look inward for energy, prefer smaller groups
denial
refusing to accept the reality of an upsetting situation
regression
returning to behaviors that is characterizing of an earlier stage of development
source traits
single underlying traits which are the basis of surface traits
collective unconscious
store of human concepts shared by all people across all cultures (universal and inherited) -ex. interest in magic, fear of the dark
procrastination
to put off an unwanted task
displacement
transfer of an impulse from an unacceptable target to a more acceptable
id
unconscious - pleasure principle, represents basic biological drives
rationalization
use self description to justify unacceptable behavior (distortion of ideas)
self-concept
view of one's self as an individual (a combination of sense of self and how we believe others see us)