Psych, unit 3
_________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.
Specific phobias
__________is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.
Anxiety Disorder
_____ psychologists define learning as the process by which organisms change the way they represent the environment because of experience.
Cognitive
__________is a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality.
Hallucination
Which of the following is true of cognitive therapy?
It focuses directly on thoughts and encourages ideas that help individuals solve problems.
Which of the following is true of psychotherapy?
It influences clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is the basis for psychological problems?
Roadblocks to self-actualization
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological disorders?
Socially acceptable behavior
__________is a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled.
Stupor
Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?
They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.
Which of the following is the aim of traditional psychoanalysis?
To provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of a person's problems
Which of the following is a difference between Type A people and Type B people?
Type A people are more likely to continue to strive for more and more as compared to Type B people.
In the context of reinforcement schedules, a piece worker that getspaid on a per-shirt basis is on a _________.
Variable-ratio schedule
People with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to:
control their alcohol intake.
Amnesia is frequently associated with__________.
dissociative disorders
Schizophrenia is characterized by:
disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood.
Psychodynamic therapy, client-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy consider psychological disorders to occur as a result of _____.
internal conflict
The immune system is able to fight off foreign substances like pathogens because of the functioning of white blood cells called _________.
leukocytes
Psychological disorders are:
sometimes characterized by anxiety.
People with generalized anxiety disorder:
suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.
_________is an application of operant conditioning that has enabled people and lower animals to learn to control autonomic responses to attain reinforcement.
Biofeedback training
_________is the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.
Contingency theory
_________ is a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge.
Dissociative identity disorder
_________is defined as a form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior.
Operant conditioning
The field of psychology that studies the relationships between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical wellness problems is known as _____.
health psychology
Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of _____.
inner concern hassles
__________is a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety.
Neuroticism
What is the result of high self-efficacy expectations?
All of these. (Lower levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline Less disturbance by adverse events, Better ability to function in spite of pain)
Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?
Clara gets a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore.
Who among the following perceives the ability to attain reinforcements as being largely outside themselves?
Externals
Which of the following is a suggestion by cognitive psychologists about the behavior of people?
People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.
Which of the following is true about primary reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers are effective because of an organism's biological makeup.
Which of the following is the correct APA Reference list entry?
Reese, G. (2000). Database Programming with JDBC and Java. Beijing: O'Reilly Media.
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of group therapy?
Relationship problems are magnified.
Joan avoids talking about her troubled marriage with her psychoanalyst. When she is asked to talk about the relationship, she becomes restless and claims, "There is nothing to tell." Which of the following is indicated by Joan's behavior?
Resistance
Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies?
Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on what clients are experiencing here and now.
_________ can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress.
Life changes
_________ is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations.
Modeling
_________is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.
Observational learning
_________ is a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.
Psychological hardiness
_________ refers to a behavior-therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that utilizes self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback.
Social skills training
People with _________ have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression.
bipolar disorder
Behavior therapists rely heavily on principles of _________.
conditioning and observational learning
Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to _________.
coronary heart disease
According to the different kinds of social support, _________ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.
emotional concern
Many health problems are affected by _________, such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.
psychological factors
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because _____.
spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur
Psychotherapy refers to _________ between a client and a therapist.
systematic interaction
To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively, one should inform the child that_____.
the aggressive behaviors he or she watches reflect camera tricks, special effects, and stunts
In the context of operant conditioning, gamblers at slot machines win on a _____.
variable-ratio schedule