PSYCH101 Module 24
Elizabeth Loftus and Katherine Kateham
our memories are flexible and super imposable, a panoramic blackboard with an endless supply of chalk and erasers
memory trace
physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed
proactive interference
prior learning disrupts recall of new information
memory construction errors
memories biased by imagination, expectations, and misinformation
anterograde amnesia.
During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterward, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:
misinformation
After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Samantha was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Samantha mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Samantha's experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
motivated forgetting
Freud argued that we repress painful/unacceptable memories to protect our self-concept and to minimize anxiety Today's researchers think repression rarely, if ever, occur
70
In a study of several hundred convicts later exonerated by DNA evidence, just over _____ percent were convicted by faulty eyewitness accounts.
reconsolidation
It's evening and Benson is mentally replaying the day's events. He pictures his facial expression as he listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because he was unable to see his expression at the time, his recall necessarily illustrates:q
proactive interference
Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty BEST illustrates:
Ceci and Bruck
Researchers studied effect of suggestive interviewing techniques. 58 percent of preschoolers produced false stories about one or more unexperienced events.
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
misinformation effect
corruption of a memory by misleading information; even repeatedly imagining fake actions and events can create false memories
why do we forget?
encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure
encoding memory: age
encoding lag is linked to age-related memory decline
storage decay
even after encoding something well, we sometimes later forget it
encoding memory: attention
failure to notice or encode contributes to memory failure
encoding failure
failure to process information into memory
William James
founder of functionalism "if we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing"
deja vu
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
retrieval failure
the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues
