Psych150- Chapters 1-4

Which of the following defines hypothesis?

tentative explanation

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.

the mind and behavior

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.

the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the scientific method

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________.

why empirical research is needed

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

It will probably lead to substance abuse.

________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.

archival

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily functionparasomnia

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?

dissertation

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

double-blind

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

empirical studies

Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

evolution by natural selection

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait.

extroversion

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

fast; long lasting

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________.

somnambulism

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substantia nigra; dopamine

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

groan and move her eyes

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

had severe seizures

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.

homeostasis

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

human; obtaining informed consent

Katia is experiencinga state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.

hypnosis

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

hypnosis; meditation

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

hypothesis

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

internal

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

Behaviorists study ________.

learned behavior

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

limbic system; emotional

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a________ design.

longitudinal

A theta wave is a type of ________.

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.

manifest

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

membrane potential

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?

mid- and top-level management

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation to his legs or feet

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait.

openness

A ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.

outside periods of REM sleep

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role

parasomnia

________ are subjects of psychological research.

participants

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.

perceivable and measurable

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

pituitary gland

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

placebo effect

Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD, which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers.

postdoctoral

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.

protoconsciousness

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.

psychoanalytic theory

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a________ study.

quasi-experimental

Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________.

receptors; receptors

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

reticular formation

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

sample; population; generalization

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

Stage 2

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.

a persons unconscious

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning?

An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Why is psychology considered a social science?

Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Which of the following imaging techniques does not collect information about brain functioning?

CT Scan

Who described the collective unconscious?

Carl Jung

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?

Carl Rogers

What is a PsyD?

Doctor of Psychology, with emphasis on clinical skills

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?

Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia.

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

Which of the following does not influence perception?

Gestalt

Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait?

Ida is charming.

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

Institutional Review Board

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

PET

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior.

The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research?

They have higher attrition rates than other populations.

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's area

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

basic survival needs

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a ________ rhythm.

biological

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.

biology

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

dependent

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

dependent variable

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________.

thinking critically

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

What is one task that a peer reviewer is not likely to participate in?

verifying that the research meets ethical standards

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets