Psych202 quiz1

Scientific Inquiry

A large part of _______ is remaining curious, somewhat skeptical of what we see, and remaining open-minded.

Theory

A(n) ____ is a set of formal statements that explain how & why certain events are related to each other.

Participant/Subject

A(n) ____ is an organism whose behavior is systematically observed in a study.

In the game show "Let's Make A Deal", contestants will most likely stick with their original door choice even but it's actually in their best interest to switch their choice. The Scientific Method allowed to validate the theory even though it seems counterintuitive.

Describe the Monty Hall Paradox & why the scientific method was useful in proving this theory.

Internal

Experimenter & expectancy bias, placebo, Clever Hans, and double-blind all contribute to ___ validity.

Behaviorism: Worked on mapping out details of rewards & punishments. Shape, maintain, and change behavior through what he termed "operant conditioning". Conducted functional analysis of behavior to explain how rewards/punishments influenced behaviors.

Explain Skinner's approach

Behaviorism: Studied OBSERVABLE behavior because he believed the mind cannot be observed, only behavior. Most important source of scientific info comes from observable behavior. "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it". Famous for claiming he could turn anyone into anything through learning experiences.

Explain Watson's approach

Functionalism: How conscious mind allows us to adapt and survive in our environment. emphasized functions of thought. Method: naturalistic observation

Explain William James's approach.

Research is the foundation of psychology. (GPADA) 1. Gather evidence 2. Perform experiments 3. Analyze information 4. Draw conclusions 5. Apply findings

Explain the role of research in psychology. (GPADA)

Diversity in psychologist's approach is matched with their diversity in their own backgrounds. Used to be primarily white men. Now it is mostly women.

How has the diversity of people in psychology changed?

Links between psychology and other disciplines appear when research conducted in one field is applied in the other. (Example: Neuroscience)

How is psychology linked to other fields?

To describe organization of consciousness & principles of perceptual organization. Method: Observed sensory/perceptual phenomena.

Primary focus of Gestalt Psychologists

External

Replication contributes to ___ validity.

Convenience

Research that is conducted using samples of psychology students would be known as a ____ sample.

Psychology (definition)

The scientific study of behavior & the mind (mental processes) to apply in the service of human welfare.

Philosophy, physiology, medicine.

What 3 disciplines did psychology emerge from?

1. Endowment effect- people value things more once it is theirs 2. Status quo- a preference for the current state of affairs (dont want change) 3. Error of Omission- a mistake that consists of not doing something you should have done

What 3 phenomena explain why people stick with their first choice in the Monty Hall Paradox?

1. Current beliefs 2. Current evidence supporting that belief 3. Alternative ways of interpreting that evidence 4. Additional evidence for alternative conclusions 5. Most reasonable conclusion

What are 5 things you should question when thinking critically?

Interviews, questionnaires, diary studies, the clinical method, & reports made by others?

What are the 5 types of surveys?

That all events are governed by some lawful order and that we can discover and know these lawful relationships.

What are the basic assumptions of the scientific method?

1. Measurement & Description 2. Understanding & Explanation 3. Prediction 4. Application & Control

What are the goals of the scientific method?

Empiricism is the belief that we learn through experience and are not born knowing everything by intuition. We are born a blank slate ("tabula rasa

What influence did empiricism have on the beginning of psychology?

Psychiatrists have been to medical school & psychologists have not.

What is the difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?

Sociocultural factors include gender, ethnicity, and social class. These variations cause infinite differences in behavior & mental processes, especially from one culture to another.

What is the importance of sensitivity of sociocultural factors in psychological science?

Clinical Psychology

What is the largest area for people who have a Ph.D. in psychology?

Explain personality & behavior through psychological processes. Emphasized importance of childhood in personality. Unconscious and conscious components. Believed behavior and mental processes had a physical cause. Method: Case studies

What were Freud's ideas about the role of the unconscious mind? (Psychoanalysis)

It's a way of learning about the world based on objective evidence & avoiding opinions and guesses

Why does psychology use the scientific method?

So that the findings can be compared across studies.

Why is it important to carefully define the sample?

Focused on "building blocks" of consciousness & introspection (looking within)

Wilhelm Wundt's approach to the study of consciousness

Pseudo-Psychology

___ are unsupported opinions pretending to be psychological science.

Highly structured, unstructured.

___ interviews allow for greatest comparison and ____ are not likely to get information that is comparable from participant to participant.

Variable

___ is a characteristic or factor that can vary.

Sample

___ is a smaller group(subset) of objects drawn from some defined population by some process.

Content Validity

___ is how well a test measures the behavior for which it is intended.

Popuation

___ is the complete set of items that you're interested in studying.

Participant Observer

___ is when the observer is part of the environment being studied or becomes an active part of the environment.

Applied/Professional psychologists(4 things)

___ psychologists are in the American Psychological Association, mostly involved in client based activities, many in private practice, and is the largest subgroup.

Descriptive

___ statistics are displayed in graphs and tables. Describe or summarize main characteristics of a sample. (Mean, median, mode, etc.)

Biological/Physiological approach

____ approach assumes behavior and mental processes are largely shaped by biological processes. Such as effects of genes, hormones, and the nervous system.

Evolutionary approach

____ approach emphasizes the inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior & mental processes

Cognitive approach

____ approach focuses on how the brain takes in & processes information, creates perceptions, and makes & retrieves memories

Behavioral approach

____ approach says human behavior is determined by what a person has learned primarily through rewards and punishments

Questionnaires

____ are a series of questions & other prompts that are given to participants for the purpose of gathering info from respondents (paper & pencil, oral, or computerized).

Collectivist culture

____ cultures tend to think of themselves as part of their family or work group. Cooperative group effort is better. (Japan)

Individualist culture

____ cultures tend to value personal rather than group goals (North America)

Correlational Research Strength: can study variables that cannot be manipulated Weakness: correlation doesn't imply causation.

____ examines relationships between two or more variables to predict the strength & direction of a relationship. Describe the strengths and weaknesses.

Experimental Research

____ examines the manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions to identify causation. (researcher manipulates variables and controls extraneous factors).

Statistics

____ is a decision tool used to analyze collected data & decide whether hypotheses were supported.

Criterion Validity

____ is a measure of how well one variable or set of variables predicts an outcome based on information from other variables.

Science (definition)

____ is a method of learning about the world based on objective evidence & avoiding opinions and guesses

Survey Strengths: Gathers a large amount of data in a quick & inexpensive way. Accesses information that is difficult to get. Pitfalls: Inaccuracies due to bias from the participants or because of poorly phrased questions. Uses: Gathering descriptive data, learning about opinions

____ is a set of questions put out to a number of participants about their beliefs, attitudes, preferences or activities. Describe strengths, pitfalls, and uses.

Interviews

____ is a type of survey that can be a highly structured questionnaire or a conversational unstructured questionnaire.

Case Study Strengths: Provides detailed descriptive analysis Pitfalls: May not be representative of the phenomena Uses: Studies new, complex, or rare phenomena

____ is an intensive examination of a specific interesting person or situation & often uses multiples modes of obtaining information. Describe strengths, pitfalls, and uses.

Culture (definition)

____ is the accumulation of values, rules of behavior, forms of expressions, religious beliefs, occupational choices and the like for a group of people who share a common language and environment.

Validity

____ is the degree to which an experiment or variable measures what it is supposed to.

Face Validity

____ is the extent to which a test is subjectively viewed as covering the concept it purports to measure. It refers to the transparency or relevance of a test as it appears to test participants.

Reliability

____ is the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials.

Hindsight

____ is the most common method used for understanding behavior.

Behavior (definition)

____ is the outwardly observable acts of a person, usually following mental processes

Neuroscience

____ is the scientific study of all levels of the nervous system, including neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neurology, neurophysiology, and neuropharmacology.

Data

____ is usually numbers that represent facts used as a basis for reasoning, reaching conclusions, or analysis.

Clinical Method.

____ is when a task or stimulus is presented to invite a response & followed with a tailored question or task to clarify the response.

Diary Method

____ is when participants record a written response to one or more standardized questions at either a specified time or when prompted.

Overt Observation

____ is when the observer is clearly & directly visible.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

____ monitors humane treatment and that the importance of research outweighs the risks. Research with animals.

The Institutional Review Board.

____ monitors informed consent, avoiding unnecessary risk to participants, avoid unnecessary deception, and debriefing. Research with people.

Naturalistic Strengths: may collect uncontaminated data about behavior Pitfalls: observer-bias, participant self consciousness, may not see any noteworthy behaviors Uses: Children's gender behavior & play, study typical behavior in work environments, look at communication patterns.

____ observation occurs in normal (everyday) environments. Describe the strengths, pitfalls, and uses.

Covert Observation

____ observes private behavior. The observer is hidden.

Research/Academic psychologists (2 things)

____ psychologists are in the Association for psychological science and are mostly involved in teaching or research in Universities and colleges

Clinical psychologists

____ psychologists engage in evaluation (testing), diagnosis & treatment (psychotherapy) of individuals with psychological problems & usually work in private offices, clinics, or hospitals.

Counseling psychologists

____ psychologists help with common issues such as family, marital, and career.

Construct Validity

____ refers to the ability of a measurement tool (e.g., a survey, test, etc) to actually measure the psychological concept being studied.

Inferential

____ statistics measures statistical significance. Do differences measured reflect true differences or chance variation?

Neopsychodynamic approach

_____ approach emphasizes interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings & behavior

Humanistic approach

_____ approach says behavior is controlled by decisions people make about their lives based on perceptions on the world (mental processes)

Operational Definition

_____ is a way of defining a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure the variable.

Unobtrusive Observation

_____ observes public behavior.

Critical Thinking

______ is the process of assessing claims and making judgments on the basis of well-supported evidence.