Psych212 Exam 1
Janelle wants to learn about the use of whole brain irradiation for the treatment of childhood brain cancers.
MEDLINE with full text
Applications
discussion
A good hypothesis should follow as the conclusion of a ___ argument
logical
Shawnda is studying the psychological stress related to weather extremes by measuring salivary cortisol levels to assess the amount of stress in her participants. Salivary cortisol is best described as ____ measure of weather-related stress.
A physiological
Shawnda is studying the psychological stress related to weather extremes. She has created a survey asking her research participants to rate their own stress levels at specific times of the day. This is best described as ____ measure of weather-related stress.
A self-report
Eric studies stress among family members who care for individuals with dementia. He has recently undertaken a study examining the impact of unemployment on caregivers. He recognizes that their stress levels are likely to increase and worries that many of the participants in his research already had such high levels of stress that he will simply be unable to detect increases associated with unemployment. What is Eric concerned about?
Ceiling effects
A ____ research study occurs when neither the researcher nor the participants know the predicted outcome.
Double-blind
Jules is conducting a literature review on academic achievement among children who are homeless. Her best choice for a literature review would be:
ERIC
Marta is looking for information about early childhood education programs.
ERIC
In a recent debate about a sometimes controversial scientific theory, Debater A was able to list observations that would cause her to modify the theory Debater B supported, while Debater B said nothing would cause him to change his views. This suggests that Debater B is:
Engaging in pseudoscience
According to the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010), what characterizes informed consent?
Informed consent should be obtained using reasonably understood language
Chantelle is studying how teenage mothers interact with their toddlers. She pays them $250 to allow her to tape their interactions for two hours. Why is this approach problematic?
It might put undue pressure on the mothers to participate.
Which ideas are good ones to keep in mind when trying to come up with a research idea?
Keep an open mind, Gradually refine your focus, Pick a topic in which you are interested.
Frank wants to learn more about the biology of Alzheimer's disease. His best choice for a literature review would be:
MEDLINE
Lauren is not happy about the requirement that introductory psychology students participate in research, so when she does participate, she tries to figure out what the researcher hopes to demonstrate and sets out to do the exact opposite. What "role" is Lauren playing?
Negativistic subject
What impact did the Milgram study have on participants?
Participants left the study feeling ashamed and embarrassed.
Which statements are consistent with the APA guidelines?
Permits psychologists to offer reasonable inducements, including money, for research participation, Requires researchers to take reasonable steps to minimize harm, should it occur, Allows researchers to dispense with informed consent under certain specific circumstances, Requires that psychologists inform potential participants of their right to refuse to participate in research and their right to withdraw from the research at any time
When considering the sources in your literature review, you should remember that:
Primary sources may include sections that are secondary sources
The primary distinction between quantitative and qualitative research is that quantitative research typically:
Produces numerical scores
Karla is conducting a literature review on children's moral development. She has progressed to the point where she wants to read the journal articles, not simply the abstracts. Her best choice would be:
PsycARTICLES®
What is one of the seven basic Institutional Review Board (IRB) criteria for studies involving human subjects?
Reasonable Risk in Relation to Benefits
A ____ hypothesis is one that can be demonstrated to be false.
Refutable
Identify the external stimulus in the following scenario: In an evaluation of methods for improving studying, providing reminder text messages was found to increase awareness of study methods and increase studying time.
Reminder text messages
Which of the following statements are consistent with the APA guidelines with regard to nonhuman subjects?
Researchers must proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain, when an animal's life must be terminated, Researchers using animals in research are subject to oversight by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
What three basic principles regarding the protection of human subjects are identified in the Belmont Report?
Respect, beneficence, and justice
What is the primary cause of research fraud in academia?
The competitive nature of an academic career
The apprehensive subject role
These participants are overly concerned that their performance in the study will be used to evaluate their abilities or personal characteristics. They try to place themselves in a desirable light by responding in a socially desirable fashion instead of truthfully
The good subject role
These participants have identified the hypothesis of the study and are trying to produce responses that support the investigator's hypothesis.
What is one major reason why researchers use nonhumans as subjects?
To conduct research that is impossible to conduct using human participants
What is the primary purpose of the peer review process?
To evaluate the quality and contributions of a research study
Involved the deliberate withholding of the cure for syphilis, even when a cure became available
Tuskegee
In the context of science, a statement that describes or explains a relationship between or among variables is called:
a hypothesis
is a way to measure an observable characteristic that serves as a stand-in for something that is not observable.
an operational definition
Research that is intended to answer practical questions is called ____ research.
applied
Virginia, a graduate student in psychology, is an accomplished dog trainer. She is fascinated by how service dogs can help people with PTSD and other psychiatric disorders and conducts research on the characteristics of successful service dog-handler teams. Which of the following best describes this research?
applied
Gary is participating in a study of teen fathers and, while originally enthusiastic, he is becoming increasingly concerned that what he does in the research setting will somehow be used to judge his fitness as a father.
apprehensive subject role
Deeply religious individuals may defer to their religious leaders for all types of decisions, including those that seem unrelated to religion. This method of acquiring knowledge, called the method of faith, is a variant of which method?
authority
Russell is shopping for a new car, and when he walks into the showroom, he notices huge monitors playing endorsements by famous athletes. He recognizes that reliance on the method of ____ is a common advertising ploy.
authority
Sara relies on news from a network known to have an extremely liberal slant, and Constance relies on news from a network known to have an extremely conservative slant. No matter what has occurred, it seems as though their takes are diametrically opposed and completely irreconcilable. Both Sara and Constance are relying on the method of:
authority
Scotty has no patience with social media debates about what is or is not happening in politics. He trusts one particular network, and if he hears it on that network, he knows it is true. Otherwise, it cannot be true.
authority
Steven is fascinated by the interactions among various neurotransmitter systems and wants to learn more about them at the cellular level. This research is best described as:
basic
A measure such as what performance-related tasks an individual is willing to perform (plan a public talk, accept an invitation to give a talk, go into the auditorium where a talk would be given, and so on) is a ___ measure.
behavioral
Summarizes the principles set forth by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
belmont report
Joel volunteers with a food bank and has noticed that some individuals become more comfortable with repeat visits, while others seem to become increasingly uncomfortable and anxious on repeat visits. He comes to realize that those who become more comfortable with the process are often employed but have low pay, while those who become increasingly uncomfortable are often unemployed and have been unable to find new jobs. This illustrates finding a research idea through:
casual observation
Karey is stuck waiting in an airport after his flight has been delayed because the crew has not yet arrived. He notices that some of his fellow travelers are angry, while others seem to just settle in peacefully for the wait. He wonders what causes these different reactions.
casual observation
Measurements of a variable behave the same way as the variable itself
construct
Sherree studies altruism and uses a measure of altruism that has been shown to relate to altruistic behavior consistent with expectations. Sherree's measure of altruism can be said to have good ____ validity.
construct
Finding an unanswered research question is often the result of:
critical reading
Michele is very interested in how families change when a child is diagnosed with cancer, and she decides to learn more about the topic through research. Your text would describe this as picking a research topic based on:
curiosity
Nina is about to start chemotherapy for cancer. She is aware that chemotherapy can cause vomiting and diarrhea, and therefore reasons that she, too, will experience vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following best describes Nina's reasoning?
deduction
You will be asked to complete a questionnaire about food. You will also be asked to keep a food diary for one week.
description of procedures
Demonstration that there is little or no relationship between the measurements of two different constructs
divergent
The superficial appearance of a measure
face
Bill has just been diagnosed with dementia and, while the disease is in the early stages, he consents to being part of a longitudinal study of persons with dementia. He believes that if he can help science by being in the research, at least something good will come from his having the disease.
faithful subject role
Select a topic and review the literature
find an idea
Scores are clustered at the low end of the measure.
floor
Come up with a tentative answer.
form a hypothesis
__ is the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data
fraud
The American Psychological Association (APA) continually reviews and revises the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010) to provide guidance on standards of professional conduct. What term best applies to the APA's work in this area?
guidelines
Tim watches a well-known "reality" competition for fashion designers and, based on his observations of the contestants, concludes that fashion designers are prone to artificially coloring their hair and wearing long, flowing tops. Tim is engaging in:
induction
The categories are arranged sequentially and are of the same size; the zero is arbitrary.
interval
Specific predictions
introduction
Caitlyn is faced with the choice of which of two apartments she should rent. Both have similar costs, locations, size, and amenities, so she finally decides to rent the one that just feels right to her.
intuition
Jan decides to play the lottery because she just feels like it is her day to win. She picks the numbers based on those that feel right. Jan is relying on which of the following for her decisions?
intuition
What _____ techniques may be used with which research subjects
measurement
What section of a journal article describes the research participants?
method
Where, in a research paper, are you most likely to find a description of the operational definition used by the investigators?
method
procedure
method
Identify the construct in the following scenario: In a study of adolescents with schizophrenia, providing modest rewards was found to increase motivation and improve personal hygiene.
motivation
Albert really resents having to participate in research as a part of the course requirements for an introductory psychology course. Accordingly, when he believes he has figured out what the hypothesis is, he deliberately tries to behave in a contrary way.
negativistic subject role
The categories of which scale represent qualitative, not quantitative differences?
nominal
The categories represent qualitative but not quantitative differences.
nominal
Peter's job is to watch videos of children interacting with other children and estimate the physical distances between the children. If Peter is simply not good at estimating distances, ____ error will be introduced.
observer
Measurements on which scale allow a researcher to make a determination of whether two individuals differ and the direction of the difference but do not allow a determination of the magnitude of the difference?
ordinal
The categories have different names and are arranged sequentially.
ordinal
Annabel reads an article in a magazine about how a physical makeover can change the psychological outlook of those receiving the makeover. She wonders how often this happens and whether the psychological effects persist.
others' observation
The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between beliefs about food and dietary patterns.
overview
Don sometimes wonders why he keeps doing research with adolescents because it often seems as though they pay very little attention when completing the rating scales involved in his work. Don is concerned that their inattention will introduce ____ error.
participant
___ is the unethical representation of someone else's ideas or words as one's own.
plagiarism
A good hypothesis must also make a statement about the existence of something, often a relationship, a difference, or an effect. That is, a good hypothesis must be
positive
Irwin works as an employment assistant at a sheltered workshop for adults with developmental disabilities. He notices that when his clients come back from vacation, they often have difficulty readjusting to the workplace. He wonders how he can ease the transition.
practical problems
A book describing an anthropologist's field research in a remote region of a Pacific island, written by the anthropologist
primary
A first-hand report in which the authors describe their own observations is a _____ source.
primary
A journal article reporting on research conducted by the authors of the article
primary
If you have any questions about this study, you may contact Professor Brown at [email protected] or 555-555-1212.
questions and further information
The categories are arranged sequentially and are of the same size; the zero is meaningful.
ratio
What type of scale has a meaningful zero point representing a complete absence of the variable being measured?
ratio
Angela likes to try to reason things out and often creates lists of pros and cons to aid her in making decisions. Angela is using the method of:
rationalism
Jina likes to weigh things out before making decisions. She is prone to creating lists of pros and cons and making choices on the basis of reasoning things out.
rationalism
Peggy is fascinated by the patterns between diet and behavior in children. She is surprised to learn that, when several researchers tried to repeat a small study of the impact of a gluten- and casein-free diet on the behavior of children with autism, they found the diet failed to produce statistically significant behavioral changes. This process of repeating experiments is known as:
replication
A meta-analysis published in a journal
secondary
While reading her abnormal psychology text, Nancy reads about research on the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia. The textbook is best described as a _____ source.
secondary
Decide on the general approach.
select a strategy
How subjects are _____
selected
Margie is studying performance anxiety. If she measures anxiety by asking her research participants to rate their own anxiety, she is using
self-report
Obtained by dividing the items on a questionnaire or test in half, computing a separate score for each half, and then calculating the degree of consistency between the two scores for a group of participants
split-half
Marta assures her friend Sara, who is 41 weeks pregnant and enduring a miserably hot, humid summer, with no sign of the baby being ready to be born, that everyone knows eating a salad made with spinach, blackberries, and walnuts will stimulate labor.
tenacity
According to your text, a ____ hypothesis is one for which all of the variables, events, and individuals can be defined and observed.
testable
It should be possible to observe and measure all of the variables involved; that is, a good hypothesis should be
testable
The best strategy for finding a research idea is to begin with which of the following?
A general topic area
Incorporated deception in instructing participants to use electric shocks to punish other individuals when they made errors during a learning task
Milgram
the seven basic IRB criteria:
Minimization of Risk to Participants, Reasonable Risk in Relation to Benefits, Equitable Selection, Informed Consent, Documentation of Informed Consent, Data Monitoring, and Privacy and Confidentiality.
Ethics is the study of:
Proper action
Scores are clustered at the high end of the measure.
ceiling
Demonstration that the score on the new measure of a construct is related to the score on an established measure of the same construct
concurrent
Sonya is developing a new measure of social anxiety and demonstrates its validity by showing its relationship to a well-established measure of social anxiety. Sonya is assessing _____ validity.
concurrent
How _____ is analyzed
data
Hypothesis
introduction
Participants
method
After losing her own father when she was 11, Bess has always wondered about how children and adolescents adjust to the knowledge that a parent is terminally ill and to the parent's death
personal interest
In logical reasoning, ____ statements describe facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true.
premise
What _____ may be used
research designs
What _____ may be used
research strategies
Statistical analyses
results
Upon hearing that one of her favorite actors has died, Natasha worries out loud about who the other two deaths will involve, as she is certain that deaths come in threes. Natasha's assertion that deaths come in threes is based on which of the following?
tenacity
The estimate obtained by comparing the scores obtained from two successive measurements
test-retest
You may withdraw from the study at any time, without penalty.
voluntary participation
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's requirements for the use of nonhumans in research can be found in the:
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Institutions that conduct research with animals have an animal-use review board called an:
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Developed in response to Nazi atrocities
Nuremburg code
Jimmy has just started a literature review on cross-cultural differences in child-rearing practices. He simply wants to be able to identify articles of interest via the title and abstract.
PsycINFO
In psychology, what is the definitive source for abstracts?
PsycINFO®
Which ethical guideline regarding animal research is upheld in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010)?
Psychologists must perform animal surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia.
Why did the Milgram obedience study bring the questionable treatment of human participants to the forefront?
The participants experienced shame and embarrassment for having behaved inhumanely toward others.
The negativistic subject role
These participants have identified the hypothesis of the study and are trying to act contrary to the investigator's hypothesis.
Which research assistant is engaging in active deception?
Trey, who tells study participants the experiment focuses on eye functioning, when in fact it is on sexual attraction
In psychology, ____ is a set of statements about the mechanisms underlying a particular behavior,
a theory
A hypothetical attribute or mechanism that helps explain and predict behavior is a:
construct
Which type of validity refers to whether the measurement looks as though it actually measures what it is intended to measure?
face
A chapter in a book that provides a literature review
secondary
When the scientific method is being used, which of the following describes the characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals?
variables
Research ethics involves:
Coming to a consensus regarding appropriate conduct in research
A drawback of the method of tenacity is that it:
Does not allow for the correction of erroneous ideas
The function of a construct is best illustrated by the sequence:
External stimulus --> construct --> external behavior
Identify the external behavior in the following scenario: Teaching elderly individuals to use memory strategies alters their information processing and improves performance on memory tests.
Improving performance on memory tests
The National Research Act mandates that:
Protection of human participants is upheld
Which research proposal would most likely be classified as a Category I proposal by the IRB?
The motivation for criminal behavior using anonymous mail surveys
Adopted by the World Medical Association
declaration of Helsinki
In what section of a journal article would you find alternative explanations for the research findings?
discussion
Justified conclusions
discussion
Jared relies on looking out the window to decide what the day's weather will be like. Jared is relying on which method?
empiricism
Which method of acquiring knowledge can be time consuming and sometimes even dangerous?
empiricism
The simplest and least scientific type of validity is ____ validity.
face
Julie is participating in a study of moral reasoning. She believes she has figured out what the hypothesis is and tries to respond in ways that will support that hypothesis.
good subject role
_____ studies are carried out
how
In a study involving deception, which APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct principle is most compromised?
informed consent
Holly is developing an assessment of disordered eating. Part of Holly's assessment of disordered eating involves having trained individuals observe and score the behavior of individuals who may have disordered eating. Holly trains two individuals and has them both observe and score the same videos of individuals selecting and consuming food. Holly is assessing ____ reliability.
inter-rater
Measured by computing the correlation between the scores from the two observers or by computing a percentage of agreement between the two observers
inter-rater
Literature review
introduction
What section of a journal article should contain an up-to-date research review?
introduction
How results are _____
reported
A ____ is a set of statements about the mechanisms underlying a behavior.
theory
In the context of a research study, how does error differ from fraud?
An error is an honest mistake.
What is one solution to the dilemma of clinical equipoise?
Compare treatments when there is uncertainty about which treatment is best.
Roland has already identified articles about adolescent marijuana use and is now interested in reading them.
PsycARTICLES
Which actions are considered safeguards for preventing fraud?
Replication, Peer review, Possible suspension
Holly is developing an assessment of disordered eating. She asks the same group of individuals to complete her instrument on two separate occasions. Holly is assessing ____ reliability.
Test-retest
The faithful subject role
These participants attempt to follow instructions to the letter and avoid acting on any suspicions they have about the purpose of the study. Two types of participants take on this role: those who want to help science and know they should not allow their suspicions to enter into their responses, and those who are simply apathetic and do not give the study much thought.
According to your text, the key to finding a good research idea is to find a topic that:
You want to learn more about
is a hypothetical mechanism used to help explain behavior
a construct
You may learn more about your food intake.
benefits
You will be paid $15 in cash.
cost and economic considerations
Identify methods and procedures.
select a design
Which of the following is a procedure for measuring a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly?
An operational definition