Psych3300 quizes 1-15

Half-siblings share about how much genetic material on average? Selected Answer: Correct

.25

According to situationists, the upper limit of personality coefficients is estimated as ________. Selected Answer: Correct

.30 to .40

According to estimates based on twin studies, the average heritability coefficient of many traits of personality is about ________ when using self-reports of personality. Selected Answer: Correct

.40

About 1 person in ________ considers himself or herself to be chronically shy. Selected Answer: Correct

4

Currently, the consensus among most personality researchers is that there are ________ fundamental personality traits. Selected Answer: Correct

5

What gene seems to be related to the trait of neuroticism? Selected Answer: Correct

5-HTT

Correct Assume that you are studying 200 participants, all of whom are sick. An experimental drug is given to 100 of them; the other 100 are given nothing. If the correlation between taking the drug and living is .26, then ________ percent of those who got the drug would still be alive at the end of the study. Correct:

63

Introspection is an example of the ________ method. Correct

; case study

________ searches for specific genes that are linked with particular personality attributes. Selected Answer: Correct

A genome-wide association study

If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to use S data?

All of the above

According to the textbook, daily diary reports can be considered ________ data. Selected Answer: Correct:

B data

Correct A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data. Correct experimental:

B data

According to the text, which of the following is considered to have a collectivist-vertical society? Selected Answer: Correct

China

Steven has come to terms with his mortality, accepted responsibility for his existence, and knows that he determines what happens in his life. Existentialists would say that Steven is ________. Selected Answer:

Correct attaining authentic existence

Imagine that you want to develop a test to measure depression. You gather a set of 100 potential test items and ask a sample of people diagnosed with clinical depression and a sample of nondepressed people to respond to the items. For your final version of the test, you decide to keep only the 15 items that the depressed and nondepressed groups answered differently. You are using a(n) ________ method of test construction. Selected Answer:

Correct empirical

Stephen seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. He pursues ________. Selected Answer:

Correct hedonia

The tendency to see members of your own group as very different from one another but the members of groups to which you do not belong as very similar to each other is called the ________. Selected Answer:

Correct outgroup homogeneity bias

Which of the following is an example of L data?

Correct the number of times Terry has been hospitalized

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?

Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation

Andrew watched himself in the mirror and was overcome with the remarkable insight that he was observing himself in the mirror. Andrew is experiencing ________. Selected Answer: Correct

Eigenwelt

Before brain surgery, Elliott was a good father and held a responsible job. After removal of portions of his frontal lobe, what prediction about Elliott's personality is likely to come true? Selected Answer: Correct

His emotional reactions and decision-making abilities will be impaired

A personality description of a client by his or her therapist is an example of ________ data.

I

A researcher asks parents to report on the personality characteristics of their children. This is an example of ________ data

I

Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?

I

Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data? Selected Answer: Correct:

L

Which of the following is NOT a concern with the typical strategy used to evaluate the effects of Rogerian psychotherapy? Selected Answer: Correct

No measurable variables have been used to evaluate Rogerian therapy.

Which of the following is NOT one of the responses to the situationist argument? Selected Answer: Correct

Personality researchers worked harder to find single traits that could strongly predict single responses at a particular point in time.

What is the name of the newer, shorter version of the TAT? Selected Answer: Correct

Picture Story Exercise

________ is the relatively recent branch of psychology that investigates the traits, processes, and social institutions that promote a good and meaningful life. Selected Answer: Correct

Positive psychology

One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?

Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.

Which two individuals are credited with turning existentialism into a more optimistic view of life? Selected Answer: Correct

Rogers and Maslow

If you were shown an inkblot and asked to describe what you saw, you would be taking the ________. Selected Answer: Correct

Rorschach test

The "Find Your Love Style" quiz published in the local newspaper is an example of ________ data.

S

When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the least trustworthy?

S

A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?

S and B

Imagine that Sally thinks she can judge Charlie's personality better than Lucy's personality. According to a recent study, which statement is most correct? Selected Answer: Correct

Sally will be more accurate in her judgments of Charlie.

What is the best description of the acquaintanceship effect? Selected Answer: Correct

The more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his or her personality.

Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing? Selected Answer: Correct

The smaller the sample size, the easier it is to find a significant effect

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?

They come from carefully controlled experimental situations.

________ is a term for the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born. Selected Answer: Correct

Thrown-ness

________ consists of your biological experiences and ________ consists of your psychological experiences. Selected Answer: Correct

Umwelt; Eigenwelt

Individuals from which country would be the least willing to describe themselves in contradictory terms? Selected Answer: Correct

United States

According to research by modern health psychologists, the choleric, or chronically hostile, person seems to be at extra risk for ________. Selected Answer: Correct

a heart attack

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?

a psychologist's interpretation of how a participant's responses to an unstructured clinical interview reflect his or her personality

What might be the evolutionary function of crying, according to recent research described in the text? Selected Answer: Correct

a way to elicit social support

Nima moved to the United States when she was 5 years old, and she gradually adopted the language, attitudes, and styles of American culture. The process through which Nima became Americanized is known as ________. Selected Answer: Correct

acculturation

David McClelland would argue that a culture that tells stories emphasizing community and social bonds would have a high need for ________. Selected Answer: Correct

affiliation

Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is following which principle of measurement? Selected Answer: Correct

aggregation

What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during normal daily activities?

ambulatory assessment

In 1966, Charles Whitman killed his wife, his mother, and 14 more people at the University of Texas before he was killed by police. An autopsy revealed a tumor affecting Whitman's ________. Selected Answer: Correct

amygdala

Which of these brain structures is thought to play a role in judging whether stimuli offer threats or rewards? Selected Answer: Correct

amygdala

According to Eysenck's theory, which type of person should exhibit the greatest salivation in the lemon juice test? Selected Answer: Correct

an introvert

What Buddhist term refers to the idea that all things are in flux and impermanent? Selected Answer: Correct

anicca

A situationist would interpret a correlation of around .30 ________. Selected Answer: Correct

as an example of a very small effect size

According to Eysenck, differences between introverts and extraverts are attributable to the functioning of the ________. Selected Answer: Correct

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A scientist who tries to determine how differences in a particular trait are correlated with differences in a particular gene is using the ________ method. Selected Answer: Correct

association

Random assignment allows researchers to ________. Correct:

assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions

Linda thinks that her friends will like her only if she is thin, attractive, and cheerful. Rogers would say it is unlikely that Linda will ________. Selected Answer: Correct

become a fully functioning person

According to Jeffrey Gray's theory, dopamine is associated with the reward-seeking ________ system. Selected Answer: Correct

behavioral activation

One reason why the results of psychosurgeries are often erratic is that ________. Selected Answer: Correct

brain systems might be more important for functioning than discrete areas

George Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals ________. Selected Answer: Correct

build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world

Citizenship behavior at work is predicted by which trait? Selected Answer: Correct

conscientiousness

According to Cronbach and Meehl's (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both examples of specific tests or measurements. Correct :

constructs

The observation "If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a duck" illustrates the method of ________. Selected Answer: Correct

convergent validation

What brain region seems to connect the two halves of the brain? Selected Answer: Correct

corpus callosum

The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item ________. Selected Answer: Correct

discriminates between two known groups

According to DeYoung's theory, which neurotransmitter is the foundation of plasticity? Selected Answer: Correct

dopamine

Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ________ constructed tests. Selected Answer: Correct

empirically

Which hormone is associated with the fight-or-flight response? Selected Answer: Correct

epinephrine

Ricardo likes to drive fast cars and enjoys bungee jumping and going to noisy nightclubs. According to Eysenck's theory, it is likely that Ricardo is a(n) ________ whose ARAS causes him to be chronically ________. Selected Answer: Correct

extravert; underaroused

The approach to personality test construction that examines a set of correlations among many items in order to identify which items are highly correlated is called the ________ approach. Selected Answer: Correct

factor analytic

According to a recent study, the kind of depression that follows failure, such as a job loss, is characterized by ________. Selected Answer: Correct

fatigue, pessimism, and guilt

Kevin is placing a personal ad in the local paper. According to evolutionary predictions about mate selection, he will most likely mention his ________ when describing himself. Selected Answer: Correct

financial resources

What brain region appears to be important for the abilities to plan ahead, to anticipate consequences, and to engage in moral reasoning? Selected Answer: Correct

frontal lobes

Dr. Rogers tries to motivate aggression in the laboratory by manipulating the room temperature as either hot (95ºF) or normal (75ºF). She then measures multiple kinds of aggression. If these were the only temperature manipulations used by Dr. Rogers, the results of her studies may lack ________. Correct :

generalizability over stimuli

The ________ refers to the underlying genetic structure that leads to the observable ________. Selected Answer: Correct

genotype; phenotype

Brad tends to avoid anything that could be stressful or challenging, preferring to live life with familiar activities, experiences, and people. The psychologist Salvatore Maddi would likely suggest that Brad is lacking ________. Selected Answer: Correct

hardiness

If members of two cultures experience the same emotions, seek the same goals, and organize their thoughts in comparable ways, then the two cultures ________. Selected Answer: Correct

have similar experience-near constructs

According to evolutionary theory, a man's greatest worry is that ________. Selected Answer: Correct

he is not the biological father of the children that he is supporting

Excess cortisol production might be linked to ________. Selected Answer: Correct

heart disease

Cross-cultural psychology has examined differences in the way that members of various cultures think. Some research suggests that people from collectivist cultures think more ________ than those from individualistic cultures. Selected Answer: Correct

holistically

If a trait is influenced by genes, then it ought to be more highly correlated across pairs of ________ than across pairs of ________. Selected Answer: Correct

identical twins; fraternal twins

Factor analysis can ________. Selected Answer: Correct

identify groups of items that go together

According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.

indicators; clues

What are the two primary criteria for evaluating personality judgments? Selected Answer: Correct

interjudge agreement and behavioral prediction

Imagine that you are participating in a psychology experiment. The experimenter asks you to take a bite of chocolate and to describe your experience of the chocolate—how it tastes, how it feels on your tongue, and so on. You would be involved in which method of psychological research? Selected Answer: Correct

introspective

An autotelic activity ________. Selected Answer: Correct

is enjoyable for its own sake

One problem researchers experience when attempting to directly link testosterone to aggression and sexuality is that ________. Selected Answer: Correct

it is difficult to determine the causal direction because aggression and sex can affect testosterone levels

I data are ________.

judgments made by knowledgeable observers

What term refers to brain regions that have been injured, removed, or destroyed? Selected Answer: Correct

lesions

One reason Europeans were able to colonize and dominate other cultures was that they ________. Selected Answer: Correct

lived close together in cities and thereby developed immunities to certain diseases

Mike thinks that sitting around contemplating the meaning of existence is a waste of time. He spends his life concentrating on developing his career, building a bigger house for his family, and enjoying himself. Sartre and other existentialists would say that Mike is ________. Selected Answer: Correct

living in bad faith

Some American corporations use Maslow's ideas when dealing with their employees. For example, they might ________. Selected Answer: Correct

maximize their employees' feelings of security so that the employees can pursue higher goals and identify with the organization

Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers' chatting is an example of ________. Correct:

measurement error

Sally has an exaggerated sense of the greatness of her attributes and abilities. A trained observer would say that Sally is high in what personality dimension?

narcissism

Correct The behavioral measurements used in the studies reviewed by Mischel were ________. Selected Answer: Correct

nearly all gathered in laboratory settings

Early reports about personality and emotional changes in Phineas Gage after his accident led to ________. Selected Answer: Correct

neurosurgeons performing lobotomies to control maladaptive behavior

Eliminating the use of personality tests in employment screening will ________. Selected Answer: Correct

not prevent traits from being judged but will change the ways traits are judged

When placing personal ads, women are more likely to specify that they are seeking someone who is ________, whereas men are more likely to specify that they are seeking someone who is ________. Selected Answer: Correct

older; younger

What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits? Selected Answer: Correct

omnibus inventories

Shalom Schwartz and Lilach Sagiv (1995) identified ________ as the two basic dimensions that they believe organize universal values. Selected Answer: Correct

openness to change vs. conservatism and self-transcendence vs. self-enhancement

Political liberalism is associated with what trait? Selected Answer: Correct

openness to experience

Which hormone is associated with the tend-and-befriend response? Selected Answer: Correct

oxytocin

A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________. Selected Answer: Correct

people are inconsisten

According to Carl Rogers, a person can only be understood from the perspective of the entire panorama of his or her conscious experience or what he called the ________. Selected Answer: Correct

phenomenal field

Kara is placing a personal ad in the local paper. According to evolutionary predictions about mate selection, she will most likely mention her ________ when describing herself. Selected Answer: Correct

physical attractiveness

The ultimate criterion for judging a measure of personality is whether it ________. Selected Answer: Correct

predicts behavior

What is the correct definition of the p-value? Correct;

probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is TRUE

What is the most common method of test construction? Selected Answer: Correct

rational

Which value would most likely be associated with a collectivist culture? Selected Answer: Correct

reciprocity

The reason that objective tests include so many items is to increase the ________ of the test. Selected Answer: Correct

reliability

We are most likely to commit ethnocentrism when the "real" nature of the situation ________. Selected Answer: Correct

seems very obvious

Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability? Correct :

selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system

In his book Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior can be most accurately predicted from ________. Selected Answer: Correct:

situations

In responding to evolutionary theorizing, Eagly and Wood (1999) suggest that ________. Selected Answer: Correct

societies' norms reflect men's greater size and strength and women's role in childbearing more than biologically hardwired behavioral tendencies

According to the text, what trait refers to individual differences in the willingness to engage in sexual relations with minimal acquaintanceship? Selected Answer: Correct

sociosexuality

Men who score high on ________ are especially accurate when it comes to judging their mate value, whereas women who score high on ________ are especially accurate when it comes to judging their mate value. Selected Answer: Correct

sociosexuality; agreeableness

A recent study indicates that a serotonin-related genetic allele seems to influence the development of depression in conjunction with ________. Selected Answer: Correct

stressful life events

According to the text, surgeons discovered that stimulating the central region of the left ________ produced symptoms of depression. Selected Answer: Correct

substantia nigra

According to the text, what two factors are hypothesized to influence whether a culture is high in tightness? Selected Answer: Correcy

t ethnic homogeneity and population densit

The trait approach is based on empirical research ________. Selected Answer: Correct

that is mostly correlational in nature

Which personality scale could be used to identify individuals who cannot read text? Selected Answer: Correct

the CPI Commonality scale

Correct Which of the following was NOT a study that Funder and Ozer reviewed in their work calculating the size of the situation coefficient? Selected Answer: Correct

the reduction in intrinsic motivation that occurs when children are given rewards

A woman who mates with an unstable but attractive man seems to follow a different reproductive strategy than most other women. This idea is called ________. Selected Answer: Correct

the sexy son hypothesis

5 out of 5 points Correct Much of the world is changing toward a setting where physical strength matters less and alternative child-care arrangements are possible. The view that men's and women's behavioral tendencies are determined by social structure implies that ________. Selected Answer: Correct

their behavioral tendencies will change relatively quickly (over hundreds of years)

The sole basis on which items are selected for empirically derived personality scales is whether ________. Selected Answer: Correct

they are answered differently by different kinds of people

According to Triandis, cultures that tolerate very little deviation from cultural norms are high in ________. Selected Answer: Correct

tightness

What technique can be used to temporarily knock out regions of the brain without having to create lasting lesions? Selected Answer: Correct

transcranial magnetic stimulation

What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recommends for each person in a study?

two

Imagine that you are at a party and your best friend introduces you to a guy named David. You and your friend talk to David for an hour, and you both notice the hostile comments that he repeatedly makes about his roommate. Later, you and your friend discuss your impressions of David, and you find that you disagree about him. Your friend thinks that David's comments were just good-natured joking and that he is a nice guy and a pretty funny fellow. You think that his comments were mean-spirited and that he is a hostile person. Your disagreement arises because you and your friend differ in the ________ stage of the RAM model of personality judgment. Selected Answer: Correct

utilization

Judgments other people make of your personality are known as ________. Selected Answer: Correct

your reputation