Psych3980 Final Exam

11. Response options can have unintended effects on how people respond to the question. A. True B. False

A

Question 1 Laboratory experiments tend to have high external validity. A. True B. False

B

Question 1 Single-subject research is NOT a type of research considered to have good internal validity. A. True B. False

B

2. During question construction, writing questions that are easily understood illustrates the concept of: A. Positivity B. Objectivity C. Simplicity D. Readability

C

9. How can non-response bias be maximized? a) Pre-notifying respondents b) Sending reminders c) Offering incentives d) All of the above

D

A researcher conducts a study in which time of day and temperature of room are manipulated and students are then tested on their selective attention. Students are randomly assigned to a warm, cool, or room-temperature room, and then both groups are tested once in the morning, once in the afternoon, and once at night. ▪Identify the design of study and what statistical test would be used to conduct the analysis.

2x3 mixed ANOVA

1. A researcher studies the effect of room music (fast, slow) and room cleanliness (tidy, untidy) on people's dining experience at a restaurant. How many main effects (independent variables) are possible? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 1

A

17. The interrupted time-series design with nonequivalent groups is improved by adding a control group. A. True B. False

A

18. Single-subject research and group research can both be argued to have external validity problems. A. True B. False

A

2. Case studies can involve both qualitative and quantitative variables. A. True B. False

A

3. A researcher wants to test the assertion that in comparison to female politicians, male politicians in the 20thcentury were involved in a greater number of fraud cases. Which will be the most suitable observation method in this scenario? A. Archival research B. Survey C. Naturalistic observation D. Field experiment

A

6. Experimental and non-experimental research can be used in a complementary way for the same research question. A. True B. False

A

Question 1 A set script for informed consent and debriefing should be created. A. True B. False

A

Question 1 Socioeconomic status is considered a factor that affects the dependent variable consistently across levels of the independent variable. Which of the following would socioeconomic status be considered? A. Confounding variable B. Noisy variable C. Condition D. Manipulation

A

Question 1 The assessment of reliability and validity are both ongoing as you collect new data. A. True B. False

A

Question 1 Z-scores and Cohen's d are similar in the sense that they express the difference between an individual score and a mean, in standard deviation units. A. True B. False

A

Question 2 Case studies can involve both qualitative and quantitative variables. A. True B. False

A

Question 2 Different validities should be prioritized based on your experiment. A. True B. False

A

Question 2 What best describes characteristics of a good hypothesis? A. Testable, falsifiable, logical B. Feasible, empirical, testable C. Falsifiable, logical, reliable D. Testable, falsifiable, feasible

A

Question 3 Fill in the blanks: Use of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale serves as the _______________ for the __________________ of self-esteem. A. Operational definition; psychological construct B. Measurement; conceptual definition C. Operational definition; self-report measure D. Conceptual definition; psychological construct

A

Question 4 Classic articles are an exception to the guideline to focus on source published in the past five years. A. True B. False

A

Question 4 If the distribution of stress level scores has a peak towards the lower end of the range, then which of the following would describe it? A. Positively skewed B. Symmetrical C. Negatively skewed

A

Question 4 It is only necessary to conduct a simple effect analysis when an interaction is present. A. True B. False

A

Question 5 Response options can have unintended effects on how people respond to the question. A. True B. False

A

Question 6 Every statistical relationship in a sample can be interpreted as having occurred by chance or a reflection of a relationship in the population. A. True B. False

A

Question 6 Experimental and non-experimental research can be used in a complementary way for the same research question. A. True B. False

A

Question 6 The interrupted time-series design with nonequivalent groups is improved by adding a control group. A. True B. False

A

Question 7 Single-subject research and group research can both be argued to have external validity problems. A. True B. False

A

16. Select all statements which are true. a) The alternating treatments design is not related to reversal designs. b) Reversal designs are often called either BAB or ABA designs. c) The dependent variable may not return to baseline when the treatment is removed in a reversal design. d) A potential problem with reversal design is that it may be unethical to remove a treatment if it works.

A B & C

1. Correlation research must involve quantitative variables. A. True B. False

B

10. A researcher collecting a sample did so by getting existing research participants to help recruit further participants. This is an example of which type of sampling? a) probability sampling b) snowball sampling c) convenience sampling d) self-selection sampling

B

12. Single-subject research is NOT a type of research considered to have good internal validity. A. True B. False

B

13. If a researcher demonstrates the treatment and removal of the treatment on two groups with anxiety, with treatment and removal staggered between the groups, this best illustrates what design? a) Pretest-posttest design with switching replication design b) Switching replication with treatment removal design c) Interrupted time-series design with nonequivalent groups d) Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups with switching

B

2. Helen wants to test the level of comfort of a recliner. She asks people to rate their experience of sitting on the recliner on a scale of 1 to 5. This is an example of a: A. Solomon four-group design B. Posttest-only design C. Pretest-only design D. Matched pairs design

B

3. To achieve internal validity, a researcher must design and conduct experiments where only the _____ variable can be the cause of the results. A. Dependent B. Independent C. Confounding D. Criterion

B

4. Fill in the blanks: ______________ correlations are the result of the _________________ problem. a) spurious; directionality b) spurious; third variable c) negative; third variable d) negative; directionality

B

5. A Type I error occurs when one: A. Rejects the null hypothesis when it is false. B. Rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. C. Accepts the null hypothesis when it is true. D. Accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

B

5. Which of the following best represents the principle of respect for persons (autonomy) included in the Belmont Report? A. Not providing a risk-benefit analysis to participants. B. Including an informed consent form for participants. C. Researchers' freedom to select their topic of interest. D. Researchers' discretion to alter the findings of their experiment.

B

8. Mail and Internet surveys have some of the lowest non-response rates compared to other methods. A. True B. False

B

If a researcher proposes that there is a difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and nonveterans, such a proposition represents the ________ hypothesis. If the researcher proposes that there is no difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and non-veterans, such a proposition represents the ________ hypothesis. A. Null; research B. Research; null C. Inferential; descriptive D. Descriptive; inferential

B

Juan is writing a section of a research report that describes who participated in the research along with a description of how the study was conducted. Juan is most likely to be writing the ______ section of the research reports. A) Introduction B) Methods C) Results D) Discussion

B

Mr. Louise, a psychologist, wants to understand the effect of the physical attractiveness of drivers on the severity of punishment assigned to them in automobile accidents. The participants of his study are asked to read an account of an accident and also a description about the physical appearance of the defendant. They are then asked to assign a punishment to the defendant. In this scenario, the manipulation is most likely an example of a ________ manipulation. A. Staged B. Straightforward C. Conjunctive D. Dependent

B

Question 2 If a researcher demonstrates the treatment and removal of the treatment on two groups with anxiety, with treatment and removal staggered between the groups, this best illustrates what design? A. Pretest-posttest design with switching replication design B. Switching replication with treatment removal design C. Interrupted time-series design with nonequivalent groups D. Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups with switching

B

Question 2 If one independent variable has the opposite effect at one level of the second independent variable that at another, this is a spreading interaction. A. True B. False

B

Question 2 Mail and Internet surveys have some of the lowest non-response rates compared to other methods. A. True B. False

B

Question 2 Which of the following is NOT true of exploratory analyses? A. They should be performed after planned analyses. B. They can be used to explain the results of planned analyses. C. The patterns could be due entirely to chance. D. You could be making a Type 1 error.

B

Question 2 Which of the following was NOT a problem with the article relating vaccines and autism published and then retracted by The Lancet? A. Problems with sample selection B. Use of deception C. Failed replication D. Conflict of interest due to financial gain

B

Question 3 What did Jerry Burger change in his replication of Milgram's study? A. Decrease the number of administrations of the shock in the procedure B. Decrease the shock maximum level C. Use a pre-screening procedure

B

Question 3 Which of the following is the preferred measure of central tendency for a skewed distribution? A. Mode B. Median C. Average D. Mean

B

Question 4 A researcher collecting a sample did so by getting existing research participants to help recruit further participants. This is an example of which type of sampling? A. probability sampling B. snowball sampling C. convenience sampling D. self-selection sampling

B

Question 4 Fill in the blanks: ______________ correlations are the result of the _________________ problem. A. spurious; directionality B. spurious; third variable C. negative; third variable D. negative; directionality

B

Question 4 What type of validity does not use a criterion for correlation? A. Concurrent validity B. Content validity C. Predictive validity D. Convergent validity

B

Question 4 Which of the following is NOT a type of control condition? A. wait-list control condition B. alternative control condition C. placebo control condition D. no-treatment control condition

B

Question 5 Using an existing measure for new research is not encouraged. A. True B. False

B

Question 5 What word should be avoided when talking or writing about theory? A. Negative B. Prove C. Deduct D. False

B

Question 6 A researcher asks a participant to rate the life satisfaction level on a scale from least to most satisfied on very aspects of their life. What level of measurement does this best represent? A. Interval B. Ordinal C. Ratio D. Nominal

B

Question 6 Comparing groups who differ on the independent variable before the study begins counts as manipulation of the variable. A. True B. False

B

Question 6 Pearson's r can be misleading only when the relationship under study is nonlinear. A. True B. False

B

Question 7 A high p-value means the sample or more extreme results is unlikely if the null hypothesis were true. A. True B. False

B

Question Question 1 Correlation research must involve quantitative variables. A. True B. False

B

Which of the following is true of factorial designs? A. They eliminate the possibility of confounding variables. B. All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable. C. A control group is unnecessary. D. The simplest factorial design has three independent variables, each having three levels.

B

1. A good experimental design requires eliminating all possible _____ variables that could result in alternative explanations. A. Dependent B. Independent C. Confounding D. Valid

C

1. If you ask teenagers to describe the behaviors of their parents that most upsets them, you would be using a(n) _____ approach of data collection. A. Archival B. Experimental C. Qualitative D. Quantitative

C

14. Which of the following is NOT considered a general feature of single-subject designs? a) The dependent variable is measured repeatedly over time at regular intervals. b) The study is divided into distinct phases with one condition for every phase. c) The change from one condition to the next typically occurs at fixed intervals. d) None of the above.

C

2. Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold), difficulty of study material (easy, difficult), and the amount of material (low, moderate, high). A. 2x2 B. 2x3 C. 2x2x3 D. 3x3 E. 2x2x2

C

3. The _____ is an appropriate measure of central tendency if a nominal scale is used. A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Standard deviation

C

4. Which of the following statements is true about third variables? A. They help a researcher determine which of the other two variables is operating in a given situation. B. They are also called subject variables and personal attributes. C. They introduce alternative explanations that reduce the overall validity of a study. D. They are mostly used to enhance nonexperimental methods.

C

4. _____ is the idea that knowledge comes from observations. A. Fanaticism B. Didacticism C. Empiricism D. Skepticism

C

Question 1 A researcher looking at the effect of time of day and amount of caffeine on test scores by testing all participants once in the morning and once in the afternoon, with half of them on two cups of coffee and half of them on no coffee is using what type of research design? A. Non-manipulated factorial design B. Between-subject factorial design C. Mixed factorial design D. Within-subject factorial design

C

Question 3 What would it be called if a researcher rejected the null hypothesis when in reality the null hypothesis is true? A. Type II error B. Correct decision C. Type I error

C

Question 3 Which of the following is NOT considered a general feature of single-subject designs? A. The dependent variable is measured repeatedly over time at regular intervals. B. The study is divided into distinct phases with one condition for every phase. C. The change from one condition to the next typically occurs at fixed intervals. D. None of the above.

C

Question 3 Why are there typically not more than three independent variables with two or three levels used? a) It becomes unmanageable. b) The design is not feasible. c) Both a and b d) None of the above

C

Question 4 A researcher studies a vulnerable population and uses financial compensation as an incentive for participation. Which aspect of research ethics is most relevant in this specific situation? A. Avoiding conflict B. Respecting people's rights C. Seeking justice D. Respecting privacy

C

Question 5 Typically, what type of variables are non-manipulated independent variables? A. Ordinal B. Behavioral C. Participant D. Nominal

C

Question 5 Select all statements which are true. A. The alternating treatments design is not related to reversal designs. B. Reversal designs are often called either BAB or ABA designs. C. The dependent variable may not return to baseline when the treatment is removed in a reversal design. D. A potential problem with reversal design is that it may be unethical to remove a treatment if it works.

C & D

15. "The tendency for many medical and psychological problems to improve over time without any form of treatment" best describes which of the following: a) Maturation effect b) Regression to the mean c) Testing effect d) Spontaneous remission

D

4. Statistically significant results mean that the results are: A. Very important B. Meaningless C. Likely to be due to chance difference between the groups. D. Likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

D

5. While of the following is NOT a type of study about changes over time? a) Longitudinal studies b) Cross-sectional studies c) Cross-sequential studies d) Cross-temporal studies

D

7. A researcher randomly samples college towns and then randomly samples individuals in those college towns. This best exemplifies which type of sampling? a) Quota sampling b) Stratified random sampling c) Simple random sampling d) Cluster sampling

D

Question 1 A researcher randomly samples college towns and then randomly samples individuals in those college towns. This best exemplifies which type of sampling? A. Quota sampling B. Stratified random sampling C. Simple random sampling D. Cluster sampling

D

Question 1 Which of the following is true of post hoc comparisons? a) Used to determine which pairs of group means are different from others after an ANOVA b) Independent-samples t-tests are one way to conduct them. c) They are only performed if the ANOVA results are statistically significant. d) All of the above e) Only a and b

D

Question 2 Fill in the blank: Cronbach's α is the mean of all possible _______________ and measures _____________. A. test-retest correlations; internal consistency B. split-half correlations; validity C. test-retest correlations; test-retest reliability D. split-half correlations; internal consistency

D

Question 2 Which of the following tests would be used if a researcher wants to compare the means of one variable of more than two samples in a between-subjects design? A. Repeated-measures ANOVA B. Factorial ANOVA C. Post-hoc comparisons D. One-way ANOVA

D

Question 3 A group of participants is measured twice on the same independent variable at different times. What type of design is this? A. Matched groups B. Block randomization C. Between-groups D. Within-subjects

D

Question 3 How can non-response bias be maximized? A. Pre-notifying respondents B. Sending reminders C. Offering incentives D. All of the above

D

Question 3 Which of the following is not part of double-blind peer review? A. Peer reviewers write a constructive review about the manuscript. B. The reviewers do not know the identity of the researcher. C. The editor decides whether to accept the article or not. D. The peer reviewers only give a review and not recommendation about publication.

D

Question 4 "The tendency for many medical and psychological problems to improve over time without any form of treatment" best describes which of the following: A. Maturation effect B. Regression to the mean C. Testing effect D. Spontaneous remission

D

Question 4 Which of the following is NOT an issue that sometimes occurs in null hypothesis testing research? a) File drawer problem b) p-hacking c) misunderstanding of its logic d) none of the above

D

Question 5 Which of the following BEST explains why is it important to standardize the procedure? A. It creates an organized structure to the process. B. It is better for statistical precision. C. It encourages informed consent. D. It is easy to introduce extraneous variable without standardization.

D

Question 5 Which of the following most directly results in the establishment of an IRB at all federally supported research institutions? A. Belmont Report B. Nuremberg Report C. Declaration of Helsinki D. Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects

D

Question 5 Which of the following tests would be used if a researcher wants to compare two means in a within-subjects research design? A. Analysis of variance B. One-sample t-test C. Independent samples t-test D. Dependent samples t-test

D

Question 5 While of the following is NOT a type of study about changes over time? A. Longitudinal studies B. Cross-sectional studies C. Cross-sequential studies D. Cross-temporal studies

D

Question 5 Why is N-1 sometimes used instead of N for computing standard deviation? A. It corrects for sampling error B. It is not used correctly C. It is more representative of the sample D. It accounts for the tendency for the sample standard deviation to be a bit lower than the population standard deviation

D

mily, a researcher, investigated the relationship between the length of a test and the grades in a western civilization course. After randomly assigning students to groups, she found that the students who took longer exams received better grades than students who took shorter exams. In this scenario, the independent variable is the A) Test Grades B) Gender of the students. C) Class Size D) Length of the test

D

3. Which of the following contrasts is true about qualitative vs. quantitative research? a) Qualitative research allows for more in-depth information about relatively fewer people. b) Quantitative research is better at generating new and interesting research questions. c) Qualitative research is more exploratory. d) All of the above. e) Only a and c

E

Question 3 Which of the following contrasts is true about qualitative vs. quantitative research? a) Qualitative research allows for more in-depth information about relatively fewer people. b) Quantitative research is better at generating new and interesting research questions. c) Qualitative research is more exploratory. d) All of the above. e) Only a and c

E