psyche chapter 13, 15-17
similarity
"Birds of a feather flock together" is most indicative of the idea of similarity in liking. The reciprocity-of-liking effect (a tendency to like those who like us) illustrates which factor in whether two people will like one another?
•COGNITIVE
- BELIEFS THAT PEOPLE HOLD ABOUT THE OBJECT OF AN ATTITUDE
•AFFECTIVE
- EMOTIONAL FEELINGSSTIMULATED BY AN OBJECT OF THOUGHT
•Social psychologists
- often study individual behavior in a social context •In early days, social psychology was defined as the study of attitudes.
Attribution
-theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.
There are three potential components of prejudice:
1.cognitive component 2.affective component 3. behavioral component. In this example, prejudice towards women is shown as a breakdown of its components; the cognitive component consists of the belief that women should not be leaders, the affective component consists of an angry reaction to a woman doing a man's job, and a discriminatory readiness to not hire a woman is an example of the behavioral component.
conformity
A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others
obedience.
A change in behavior that occurs in response to the commands of others •STANLEY MILGRAM •WAS TROUBLED OVER THE NAZI WAR CRIMINAL DEFENSE "I WAS JUST FOLLOWING ORDERS" •DESIGNED A LANDMARK EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE HOW OFTEN ORDINARY PEOPLE WILL OBEY AN AUTHORITY FIGURE, EVEN IF IT MEANS HURTING ANOTHER PERSON •OBEDIENCE RATES FOUND EVEN HIGHER FOR MILGRAM TYPE STUDIES IN SAMPLES FROM ITALY, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, SPAIN AND HOLLAND
IAT (Implicit Association Test)
A way to accurately measure discrimination •CRITICISM OF THE TEST •HAVING AN IMPLICIT BIAS DOES NOT MEAN THAT PEOPLE WILL OVERTLY DISCRIMINATE
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
ASKS THE WHY QUESTION... WHY IS SOMEONE ACTING IN A PARTICULAR WAY? •IS THE CAUSE SITUATIONAL - CAUSE IS EXTERNAL TO THE PERSON • OR IS IT • •DISPOSITIONAL - CAUSE OF THE BEHAVIOR BROUGHT ON BY PERSON'S TRAITS OR PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS
superego_
According to Freud, the __superego____ is the part of personality that judges the morality of our thoughts and behaviors. Personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior Includes the conscience that prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way Suppose your friend is describing to you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the pressure to stay in and study? Superego
attitude
An evaluation of a person, behavior, or concept •positive or negative evaluations of objects or thoughts The strength of the link between particular attitudes and behaviors varies, but is generally consistent
loving
At least in its early stages, ____loving___ includes relatively intense physiological arousal and an all-encompassing interest in another individual.
DISCRIMINATION:
BEHAVIOR DIRECTED TOWARD INDIVIDUALS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR MEMBERSHIP IN A PARTICULAR GROUP Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a person because of group membership, while discrimination is the action of behaving differently towards members of a group. Memory biases are tilted in favor of confirming people's prejudices, and transmission of prejudice across generations occurs in part due to observational learning and may be strengthened through operant conditioning.
The Oedipal conflict is typically resolved by which event?
Becoming similar to the same-sex parent
How did Solomon Asch test his hypotheses regarding conformity?
By presenting a group of people with a series of lines and asking which was the longest
Who used factor analysis to determine personality traits?
Cattell Eysenck Cattell and Eysenck both used what method to determine personality traits? Factor analysis Factor analysis allows researchers to identify general patterns among a large number of variables
Oedipal conflict:
Child's sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent
Fixations:
Concerns or conflicts that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur Failure to resolve the conflicts at a particular psychosexual stage can result in conflicts that persist beyond the developmental stage in which they occur, a phenomena Freud called fixation
Psychosexual stages:
Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges
•NORMATIVE INFLUENCE -
FEAR OF NEGATIVE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES/UNCERTAIN HOW TO BEHAVE
mere exposure
Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently
freud
Freud - born in 1856 in Vienna, Austria in a middle-class Jewish home Was a neurologist Created psychoanalysis, which attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders Made contemporaries uncomfortable Individuals are not masters of their own mind People not masters of their own destiny Given his belief in sexual urges, offended those with conservative Victorian values
Place Freud's five psychosexual stages in order from beginning to end.
Freud said personality develops through a series of five psychosexual______ stages characterized by conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges. 1. Oral 2. Anal :12 to 18 months until 3 years of age. 3.Phallic: 3-6 years old during the phallic stage, what is the child's primary source of pleasure?Genitals 4.latency: the child focuses on nonsexual interests latency period is where children move into after the Oedipal conflict. 5. Genital: is on mature, adult sexuality, which Freud defined as sexual intercourse.
Foot-in-the-door technique.
If you ask a person to agree to a small request and later ask that person to comply with a more important one, you have used which compliance technique?
What do social psychologists call positive feelings for others, such as liking or loving?
Interpersonal attraction
Melanie and Jennifer are sisters watching the same ad on television. Melanie is thoughtfully considering the issues the speaker is bring forth, and Jennifer is paying attention to the speaker's hair and clothes. Which of the following best describes the type of processing each girl is engaging in?
Melanie is taking the central processing route, and Jennifer is taking the peripheral processing route. ] two primary information processing routes to persuasion: the central route and the Peripheral route
Festinger's classic experiment on cognitive dissonance?
More participants who were paid $1 changed their attitudes than did participants who were paid $20.
PERIPHERAL ROUTE PROCESSING:
OCCURS WHEN A PERSUASIVE MESSAGE IS EVALUATED ON THE BASIS OF IRRELEVANT OR EXTRANEOUS FACTORS...EMOTIONS!! people are persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message.
•INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE -
PEOPLE LOOK TO OTHERS FOR GUIDANCE ABOUT HOW TO BEHAVE IN AMBIGUOUS SITUATIONS (E.G., DON'T KNOW WHICH FORK TO USE AT A RESTAURANT...LOOK AT OTHERS) INFORMATION INFLUENCE IS ABOUT BEING RIGHT, NORMATIVE INFLUENCE IS ABOUT BEING LIKED
HALO EFFECT:
PHENOMENON IN WHICH AN INITIAL UNDERSTANDING THAT A PERSON HAS POSITIVE TRAITS IS USED TO INFER OTHER UNIFORMLY POSITIVE CHARACTERISTICS Janet knows that Rosa is motivated, driven, and sure of what she wants. This leads Janet to assume that Rosa is also outspoken. This example describes
•BEHAVIORAL -
PREDISPOSITIONS TO ACT IN CERTAIN WAYS TOWARD AN ATTITUDE OBJECT
Identification:
Process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible Imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values
COMPANIONATE LOVE
STRONG AFFECTION WE HAVE FOR THOSE WITH WHOM OUR LIVES ARE DEEPLY INVOLVED
prosocial behavior
Social psychologists typically refer to helping others as prosocial behavior: A bystander intervening during an emergency is an example of
MILGRAM STUDY ON OBEDIENCE
Stanley Milgram, like many people, was troubled over the Nazi war criminal defense "I was just following orders." He designed a landmark experiment to determine how often ordinary people will obey an authority figure, even if it means hurting another person. His experiment consisted of 40 men from the local community recruited to participate in a psychology experiment, supposedly on the effects of punishment on learning. The men were given the role of "teacher" in the experiment, while a confederate was given the role of "learner." The teacher was seated before an apparatus that had 30 switches ranging from 15 to 450 volts. Although the apparatus looked and sounded real, it was fake. The learner was never shocked. Milgram found that 65% of the men administered all 30 levels of the shock, even though they displayed considerable distress at shocking the learner. Subsequent studies (and there were many) indicated that, like in Asch's study, if an accomplice defied the experimenter and supported the subject's objections, they were significantly less likely to give all the shocks (only 10%).
Id
Suppose your friend is telling you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the urge to go out and have fun? Id The pleasure principle is most closely tied to the id Id is the instinctual part of the personality, according to Freud, which is entirely unconscious and compels people to get what they want. The id is exclusively unconscious Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality Sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses Pleasure principle
Ego
Suppose your friend tells you that he wants to go out and drink tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the compromise to study for 2 hours then have one drink? Ego The ego operates based on the ___reality____ principle. Ego must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego. Executive of personality
RECIPROCITY-OF-LIKING EFFECT
TENDENCY TO LIKE THOSE WHO LIKE US
ASSUMED-SIMILARITY BIAS:
TENDENCY TO THINK OF PEOPLE AS BEING SIMILAR TO ONESELF EVEN WHEN MEETING THEM FOR THE FIRST TIME
EXPLICIT ATTITUDES
THOSE WE HOLD CONSCIOUSLY AND CAN READILY DESCRIBE
social identity theory.
The idea that people tend to view the world from their own perspective and that of their group can lead to prejudice through social identity theory. Using group membership as a source of pride and self-worth explains prejudice and discriminatio • SUGGESTS THAT PEOPLE TEND TO BE ETHNOCENTRIC •ETHNOCENTRIC - VIEWING THE WORLD FROM THEIR OWN PERSPECTIVE AND JUDGING OTHERS IN TERMS OF THEIR GROUP MEMBERSHIP •INGROUPS AND OUTGROUPS
psychoanalytic theory
The idea that unconscious forces influence personality
personality
The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person Used to explain 1) stability of a person's behavior over time and across situations (consistency) 2) behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation (distinctiveness)
source
The person who delivers a persuasive message is known as the message
What is the difference between compliance and conformity?
The social influence in conformity is subtle, whereas it's more direct in compliance.
dispositional causes of behavior
You trip and fall because you are clumsy. Driving aggressively because you are an aggressive person You did well on test because you studied very hard.
Instinct
What approach to understanding aggression proposes that aggression is primarily the outcome of innate--or inborn—urges? ] — Instinct theories of aggression propose that aggression is the outcome of inborn urges.
the reciprocity-of-liking effect:
When someone says we are intelligent and attractive, we are more likely to like them due to the reciprocity-of-liking effect
Door-in-the-face
Which compliance technique involves someone making a larger request, expecting it to be refused, and then following it with a smaller one?
situational causes of behavior
You trip and fall because the curb is uneven and not marked well. You did well on a test because the test was easy. Driving aggressively because your friend is hurt and needs to get to the hospital quickly is an example of a situational cause of behavior.
Information-processing
approaches have developed a __mathematically_______ oriented model of how individual personality traits combine to create an overall impression.
Psychodynamic
approaches to personality are based on the idea that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness or control?
Defense mechanisms
are an example of __unconscious___ processes. The primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious is called _repression________ by Freud. --Ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that aim to reduce anxiety
microaggressions.
are small, daily slights, put-downs, and insults
Solomon Asch
conducted a classic experiment where subjects were asked to make unambiguous judgments, indicating which of three lines on a card matched an original standard. The task was easy, and 7 subjects were asked one at a time to make their judgments aloud. Only the 6th subject was a real subject, the others gave wrong answers. Asch wanted to see how often people conformed, and gave an answer they knew was wrong, just because everyone else did. He found that on average, they conformed 37% of the time; however there was considerable variability among subjects (some never caved at all). Subsequent studies using a similar protocol found that group size influences conformity, with larger groups increasing conformity. Follow-up studies also showed that group unanimity significantly influences conformity; if just one other person does not go along with the group (a dissenter), subjects are significantly less likely to conform.
Stereotype vulnerability
defined as obstacles to performance that stem from their awareness of society's stereotypes.
A stereotype
generalization about a particular group that does not consider variation between individuals
According to Freud
he contents of the unconscious _cannot_____ be observed directly by a psychologist. According to Freud, the contents of the unconscious are inferred from behavior Freud argued that much of our behavior is motivated by unconscious forces
Proximity
is a factor in liking that simply refers to those who are nearest to you.
Need for cognition
is a person's habitual level of thoughtfulness and mental activity
Groupthink
is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.
Trait theory
is the personality approach that seeks to identify the basic elements necessary to describe personality. Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves repeatedly over time and in many different situations Psychoanalytic
The bystander effect
is the phenomenon that people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone. Reviews of studies on over 6,000 subjects in a variety of helping situations indicate that subjects who are alone help about 75% of the time, while subjects in the presence of others help about 53% of the time. The only variable shown to significantly impact the bystander effect is ambiguity of the need for help. The less ambiguous the need for help, the more likely someone is to give it. The bystander effect is believed to occur because of diffusion of responsibility - when the responsibility is divided among many, everyone thinks that someone else will help.
Oedipus conflict
is when a child focuses attention on his or her genitals, and has sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent.
most persuasive communicator
most persuasive communicator : A trustworthy physically attractive. individual who has extensive knowledge of the topic — Which type of message characteristic has proved to be the most effective when persuading an audience? Two-sided arguments
Diffusion
of responsibility is the tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared, or diffused, among those present.
INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION
positive feelings toward another
Lorenz
psychologist proposed that humans, along with members of other species, have a fighting instinct, which in earlier times ensured protection of food supplies and weeded out the weaker of the species
Collective unconscious
reflects the experiences of relatives, the entire human race, and non-humans because of our common ancestral past According to Carl Jung, a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even nonhuman ancestors from the distant past is:the collective unconscious Contains archetypes
Dotty assumes that any native Texan she meets will be an easy-going, enjoyable person. This is an example of a(n)
schema —are sets of cognitions about people and social experiences
the ______ determines what is right and wrong, the _____ determines what is possible, and the ____ determines what would be pleasurable
superego, ego, id
Impression formation.// forming impressions
the process by which an individual organizes information about another person to form an overall idea of that person , WHICH FOCUSES ON HOW PEOPLE DEVELOP AN OVERALL IMPRESSION OF OTHERS' PERSONALITY TRAITS, •CENTRAL TRAITS: MAJOR TRAITS CONSIDERED IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS OF OTHERS
Status
the social rank held within a group
PASSIONATE (ROMANTIC) LOVE
v•STATE OF INTENSE ABSORPTION IN SOMEONE THAT INCLUDES INTENSE PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL INTEREST, AND CARING FOR THE NEEDS OF ANOTHER
COMPLIANCE:
•: BEHAVIOR THAT OCCURS IN RESPONSE TO DIRECT SOCIAL PRESSURE •FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR •DOOR-IN-THE FACE •THAT'S-N0T-ALL •NOT-SO-FREE-SAMPLE
IMPLICIT ATTITUDES
•COVERT ATTITUDES THAT ARE EXPERIENCED IN SUBTLE AUTOMATIC RESPONSES THAT PEOPLE HAVE LITTLE CONSCIOUS CONTROL •MOST OF US WANT TO BE UNBIASED ABOUT RACIAL PREJUDICE, PREJUDICE AGAINST WOMEN, LGBTQ, OLDER ADULTS, ETC., & WILL EXPRESS ATTITUDES THAT CONDEMN PREJUDICE, BUT UNKNOWINGLYHARBOR IMPLICIT ATTITUDES THAT REFLECT SUBTLE FORMS OF PREJUDICE
•DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN TYPES OF LOVE BY PSYCHOLOGIST ROBERT STERNBERG
•DECISION/COMMITMENT - INITIAL THOUGHTS THAT ONE LOVES SOMEONE AND THE LONGER-TERM FEELINGS OF COMMITMENT TO MAINTAIN LOVE •INTIMACY COMPONENT - FEELINGS OF CLOSENESS AND CONNECTEDNESS •PASSION COMPONENT - MOTIVATIONAL DRIVES RELATING TO SEX, PHYSICAL CLOSENESS, AND ROMANCE
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
•Freud believed that people's lives are dominated by conflict, but not all conflicts are equal •He thought that those involving sexual and aggressive impulses more lively to have greater consequences •1. subject to more complex & ambiguous social controls •2. thwarted more regularly than other basic biological urges
BEHAVIOR IN GROUPS
•GROUP CONSISTS OF 2 OR MORE INDIVIDUALS WHO INTERACT & ARE INTERDEPENDENT •SOME CAN, DUE TO THE INTERNET, DEVELOP A GROUP IDENTITY WITHOUT EVER MEETING IN PERSON •WHEN PEOPLE JOIN TOGETHER IN A GROUP, THEY CREATE A SOCIAL ORGANISM WITH UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS AND DYNAMICS THAT CAN TAKE ON A LIFE OF ITS OWN •IN A GIVEN SITUATION YOU MAY BEHAVE QUITE DIFFERENTLY WHEN YOU'RE IN A GROUP THAN WHEN YOU'RE ALONE
INFLUENCING GROUPS: CONFORMITY
•GROUP SIZE & GROUP UNANIMITY KEY DETERMINANTS TO CONFORM •ASCH FOUND THAT CONFORMITY INCREASED AS GROUP SIZE WENT UP TO FOUR THEN LEVELED OFF •ALSO, IF ONE PERSON "BROKE" WITH OTHERS, WRECKING UNANIMOUS AGREEMENT, THEN LESS LIKELY TO CONFIRM •WHY DO PEOPLE CONFORM? • •NOT SURPRISINGLY, STUDIES HAVE FOUND HIGHER LEVELS OF CONFORMITY IN COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES COMPARED TO INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES
DEFENSIVE ATTRIBUTION
•IN TRYING TO EXPLAIN CALAMITIES OF OTHERS, THERE IS A TENDENCY TO BLAME VICTIMS FOR THEIR MISFORTUNE, SO THAT ONE FEELS LESS LIKELY TO BE VICTIMIZED IN A SIMILAR WAY •BLAMING VICTIMS HELPS PEOPLE MAINTAIN THEIR BELIEF IN A SAFE/JUST WORLD •UNFORTUNATE CONSEQUENCE...VICTIMS SEEN IN A NEGATIVE LIGHT
ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR
•INTERESTINGLY, PEOPLE THAT VOICE PREJUDICIAL ATTITUDES MIGHT NOT BEHAVE IN DISCRIMINATORY WAYS (TRAVELLING TO 184 RESTAURANTS IN 1930S WITH CHINESE PEOPLE...NO RESTAURANT TURNED THEM AWAY, ALTHOUGH 90% SAID THEY WOULD) •ATTITUDES MEDIOCRE PREDICTORS OF PEOPLE'S BEHAVIOR (CORRELATION OF .41). •WHY NOT HIGHER? VARIATIONS IN ATTITUDE STRENGTH, ACCESSIBILITY AND AMBIVALENCE (STRONG ATTITUDES, HIGHLY ACCESSIBLE & STABLE...MORE PREDICTIVE, BUT BEHAVIOR DEPENDS ON SITUATION (SPEAK OUT AGAINST MARIJUANA IN CLASS BUT NOT AT A PARTY)
MATCHING HYPOTHESIS
•MALES & FEMALES OF APPROX. EQUAL PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS LIKELY TO SELECT EACH OTHER •LESS ATTRACTIVE PEOPLE PLACE LESS WEIGHT ON PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS THAN THOSE WHO ARE GOOD LOOKING
PREJUDICE:
•NEGATIVE (OR POSITIVE) EVALUATION OF A GROUP AND ITS MEMBERS
THE FOUNDATIONS OF PREJUDICE
•OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING APPROACHES SUGGESTS THAT CHILDREN'S FEELINGS ABOUT MEMBERS OF VARIOUS GROUPS ARE SHAPED BY: •STEREOTYPING AND PREJUDICE, THE BEHAVIOR OF PARENTS, OTHER ADULTS, AND PEERS •MASS MEDIA PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT STEREOTYPES FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE:
•OCCURS WHEN A PERSON HOLDS TWO CONTRADICTORY ATTITUDES OR THOUGHTS • •REDUCED BY ADOPTING MORE POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD A TASK
CENTRAL ROUTE PROCESSING:
•OCCURS WHEN A PERSUASIVE MESSAGE IS EVALUATED BY THOUGHTFUL CONSIDERATION OF THE ISSUES AND ARGUMENTS USED TO PERSUADE processing occurs when the recipient thoughtfully considers the issues and arguments involved in persuasion. occurs when the recipient thoughtfully considers the issues and arguments involved in persuasion
•2 KINDS OF LOVE
•PASSIONATE LOVE- COMPLETE ABSORPTION IN ANOTHER THAT INCLUDES TENDER SEXUAL FEELINGS & THE AGONY AND ECSTASY OF INTENSE EMOTION •COMPANIONATE LOVE - WARM, TRUSTING, TOLERANT AFFECTION FOR ANOTHER WHOSE LIFE IS DEEPLY INTERTWINED WITH ONE'S OWN •BOTH MAY COEXIST BUT COMPANIONATE LOVE MORE RELATED TO RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION •BRAIN IMAGING RESEARCH - WHEN PEOPLE THINK ABOUT SOMEONE THEY ARE PASSIONATELY IN LOVE WITH, DOPAMINE CIRCUITS, SIMILAR TO COCAINE & OTHER ADDICTIVE DRUGS, LIGHT UP. Passionate love involves a complete absorption in another that includes sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion. Companionate love is warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own. Both types may coexist in relationships, but they don't necessarily go hand in hand. The distinction between passionate and companionate love has been further refined by Robert Sternberg, who subdivides companionate love into intimacy and commitment. Sternberg has mapped out the probable relations between the passage of time and his three components of love. He theorizes that passion reaches its zenith in the early phases of love and then erodes. He believes that intimacy and commitment increase with time, although at different rates
ATTRACTIVENESS & COMPETENCE
•PEOPLE HAVE A TENDENCY TO VIEW GOOD-LOOKING INDIVIDUALS AS MORE COMPETENT THAN LESS ATTRACTIVE PEOPLE...TEND TO SECURE BETTER JOBS AND EARN HIGHER SALARIES •BRAINS VERSUS BEAUTY ON INCOME - INTELLIGENCE MORE STRONGLY RELATED TO EARNINGS (CORRELATION = .50) THAN GOOD LOOKS...BUT •THE CORRELATION OF .24 BETWEEN ATTRACTIVENESS AND INCOME WAS NOT TRIVIAL
•FACTORS THAT ATTRACT PEOPLE TO EACH OTHER:
•PROXIMITY •MERE EXPOSURE •SIMILARITY •PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS
Unconscious:
•Part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware •Unconsciousness is made of preconscious •Preconscious - Contains material easily brought to mind According to Freud, the contents of the unconscious are inferred from behavior
SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE
•SEEKS TO IDENTIFY THE NEURAL BASIS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR •RESEARCHERS EXAMINED ACTIVATION OF THE AMYGDALA TO EXEMPLIFY THE VALUE OF SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE APPROACHES •AMYGDALA - HIGHLY RESPONSIVE TO THREATENING, UNUSUAL, OR HIGHLY AROUSING STIMULI
SCHEMAS:
•SETS OF COGNITIONS ABOUT PEOPLE AND SOCIAL EXPERIENCES •ORGANIZES INFORMATION STORED IN MEMORY •GIVES A FRAMEWORK TO RECOGNIZE, CATEGORIZE, AND RECALL INFORMATION RELATING TO SOCIAL STIMULI •HELPS PREDICT WHAT OTHERS ARE LIKE BASED ON RELATIVELY LITTLE INFORMATION
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
•SOCIAL GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS EXERT PRESSURE ON AN INDIVIDUAL, EITHER DELIBERATELY OR UNINTENTIONALLY
•Social Psychology
•Scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others
SELF-SERVING BIAS:
•TENDENCY TO ATTRIBUTE SUCCESS TO PERSONAL FACTORS AND FAILURE TO FACTORS OUTSIDE ONESELF the tendency to attribute personal success to dispositional factors and failure to situational factors You got an A in psychology because you studied hard and a D in biology because the teacher doesn't like you.
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR:
•TENDENCY TO OVERATTRIBUTE OTHERS' BEHAVIOR TO DISPOSITIONAL CAUSES AND MINIMIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF SITUATIONAL CAUSES •BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS - HOW INDIVIDUALS' BIASES AND IRRATIONALITY AFFECT ECONOMIC DECISIONS
SOCIAL COGNITION: UNDERSTANDING OTHERS
•WAY PEOPLE UNDERSTAND AND MAKE SENSE OF OTHERS AND THEMSELVES
THE STANFORD PRISON SIMULATION
•ZIMBARDO SIMULATED A PRISON TO INVESTIGATE WHY PRISONS BECOME ABUSIVE, DEGRADING, VIOLENT ENVIRONMENTS. •WANTED TO KNOW HOW MUCH THE "POWER OF THE SITUATION" WOULD SHAPE THE BEHAVIOR OF NORMAL AVERAGE PARTICIPANTS. •STUNNING TRANSFORMATIONS...EXPERIMENT STOPPED AFTER 6 DAYS; SUPPOSED TO RUN FOR 2 WEEKS. •CREDITED TRANSFORMATIONS TO SOCIAL ROLES (WIDELY SHARED EXPECTATIONS ABOUT PEOPLE IN CERTAIN POSITIONS ARE SUPPOSED TO BEHAVE) & SITUATIONAL FACTORS •RENEWED INTEREST. ABU GHRAIB SCANDAL IN IRAQI PRISON IN 2004 •GOV'T WANTED TO SAY "FEW BAD APPLES" •ZIMBARDO, FAR MORE LIKELY SITUATIONAL PRESSURES LED NORMAL AMERICANS TO COMMIT MORALLY REPREHENSIBLE ABUSES •DOES NOT ABSOLVE GUARDS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR BEHAVIORS, BUT ZIMBARDO EMPHASIZES THAT REAL PROBLEM LIES IN THE SYSTEM (NEED TO PROVIDE EXTENSIVE TRAINING, STRONG SUPERVISION AND MAINTAIN CLEAR ACCOUNTABILITY IN CHAIN OF COMMAND)
