Psychiatric - Chp 17

The nurse has been asked to assess a client to determine if she has a suicide plan. Which of the following questions would assist the nurse in assessing this area? a) "Have you ever had thoughts of harming yourself?" b) "Do you have people in your life who are supportive of you?" c) "Are you thinking about killing yourself right now?" d) "How do you generally cope with problems in your life?"

c) "Are you thinking about killing yourself right now?"

The nurse observes that a client with depression sat at a table with two tother clients during lunch. The best feedback the nurse could give the client is which of the following? a) "Do you feel better after talking with others during lunch?" b) "I'm so happy to see you interacting with other clients." c) "I see you were sitting with others at lunch today." d) "You must feel much better than yo were a few days ago."

c) "I see you were sitting with others at lunch today."

While caring for a client in the hospital, you become concerned that the client may be having thoughts of suicide. Which of the following statements would be most therapeutic? a) "Are you feeling sad?" b) "Have you tried taking medication?" c) "What is concerning you?" d) "Do you have support at home?"

c) "What is concerning you?"

Which of the following clients is most likely to benefit from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? a) A client whose recent strange behavior has been attributed to cyclothymic disorder b) A client with bipolar disorder who is not compliant with the blood testing necessary for lithium therapy c) A woman whose major depression has not responded appreciably to antidepressants d) A man with a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder who has recently begun experiencing a manic episode

c) A woman whose major depression has not responded appreciably to antidepressants

The nurse is told by a client that she is having suicidal thoughts. Which of the following interventions has lowest priority? a) Maintaining a safe, secure environment b) Assessing the client for past history of suicidal attempts c) Administering a mental status exam to assess for psychosis d) Determining the client's concerns and if she has a plan

c) Administering a mental status exam to assess for psychosis

Which characteristic is most common among suicidal clients? a) Anger b) Remorse c) Ambivalence d) Psychosis

c) Ambivalence

A client with bipolar disorder has been ordered a medication whose classification is anticonvulsant. Which of the following drugs does the nurse know falls within this class of medications? a) Methyldopa b) Lithium c) Carbamazepine d) Mannitol

c) Carbamazepine

An elderly client is admitted to the hospital with fatigue and weight loss of 20 pounds in 1 month. Upon further assessment the client is diagnosed with depression. What other thing should the nurse assess this client for based on the weight loss? a) Sleep disturbance b) Suicide c) Dehydration d) Decreased energy

c) Dehydration

Which mental health disorder is a major risk factor for suicide? a) Schizophrenia b) Anxiety c) Depression d) Mania

c) Depression

A nursing student learning about mood disorders correctly identifies which of the following to mean exaggerated feelings of well-being? a) Irritability b) Expansiveness c) Euphoria d) Paranoia

c) Euphoria

A client in the clinic appears to have elevated self-esteem, is more talkative than usual, and is easily distracted. This client is exhibiting symptoms of which of the following? a) Depression b) Anxiety c) Grandiosity d) Anorexia

c) Grandiosity

Based on current research, the psychiatric nurse expects that a newly diagnosed bipolar client with suicidal ideations will be prescribed a) Clozapine (Clozaril) b) Naltrexone (ReVia) c) Lithium d) (Prozac)

c) Lithium

Limit setting is most appropriate in which patient population? a) Depressed b) Suicidal c) Manic d) Anxious

c) Manic

The nurse is reviewing the medical records of several clients diagnosed with major depression. The nurse identifies which client as least likely to commit suicide? a) Widowed woman b) Single woman c) Married man d) Divorced man

c) Married man

Jackson is a 56-year-old man who suffers from seasonal affective disorder. Which of the following treatments is the most effective type of treatment for this condition? a) Antidepressant therapy b) Electroconvulsive therapy c) Phototherapy d) Psychotherapy

c) Phototherapy

A client on the inpatient psychiatric-mental health unit was discovered attempting to asphyxiate himself using a blanket. Which of the following measures should the care team prioritize in the client's immediate care? a) Assessing the specific motivation for the client's attempted suicide b) Managing the client's anxiety c) Placing the client on suicide precautions d) Teaching the client improved coping skills

c) Placing the client on suicide precautions

Which of the following is the greatest predictor of a future suicide attempt? a) Degree of hopelessness b) Seriousness of suicidal ideation c) Previous attempt d) Suicide planning

c) Previous attempt

After observing James, a bipolar client on the mental health unit, the nurse determines that the client is at risk for violence. Which of the following would be an appropriate intervention? a) Encourage James to participate in an activity with other clients. b) Ask James to sit alone and write a letter. c) Restrict James to his room until he calms down. d) Tell James that if he is violent, he will be sent home.

c) Restrict James to his room until he calms down.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding depressive disorders? a) Depression in older adults is easier to diagnosis. b) They are more prevalent in men than women. c) The monoamines norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin have been implicated. d) It is the leading cause of U.S. disability in clients older than 44 years of age.

c) The monoamines norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin have been implicated.

A client says to the nurse, 'You are the best nurse I've ever met. I want you to remember me." What is an appropriate response by the nurse? a) "Thank you. I think you are special too." b) "I suspect you want something from me. What is it?" c) "You probably say that to all your nurses." d) "Are you thinking of suicide?"

d) "Are you thinking of suicide?"

The wife of a client diagnosed recently with a mood disorder calls the nurse therapist to report a change in her husband's mood. She states, "He is clearly in a better mood than usual. I would say he seems mildly elated. He's functioning fine at work and home. He's energetic, up and doing things at 5:00 AM and really confident in himself again. It seems fantastic, but unusual. Is this something to worry about?" Which of the following potential responses by the nurse accurately assesses the situation? a) "It sounds as though the antidepressants are working well. Just ask him if he is experiencing any side effects and let me know." b) "I'm concerned. Sometimes depressed people seem contented when they have decided to commit suicide. Let's schedule an appointment for tomorrow." c) "Since he is eating, sleeping, and not behaving inappropriately, there's nothing to worry about. Just let me know if he starts getting irritable or has trouble sleeping." d) "He sounds hypomanic. Let's schedule an appointment for this week for an evaluation. He may need additional or different medication."

d) "He sounds hypomanic. Let's schedule an appointment for this week for an evaluation. He may need additional or different medication."

Cassandra, a 52-year-old woman with bipolar disorder, tells the nurse, "I read that there are chemicals in my brain that can cause my symptoms." Knowing that she is referring to neurotransmitters, which of the following would be the best response by the nurse? a) "Low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine are associated with mania." b) "Recent studies have found that neurotransmitters do not play a role in bipolar disorders." c) "Clients with bipolar disorder often have high levels of GABA in manic states." d) "Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with mania."

d) "Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with mania."

The nurse is caring for a white man age 30 years whose wife has recently died. The client has been diagnosed with clinical depression and is demonstrating insufficient coping skills. Which action by the nurse would be most important? a) Refer the client for long-term psychotherapy. b) Determine the client's risk of psychosis. c) Determine if anyone in the client's family has had depression. d) Ask the client if he is thinking about killing himself.

d) Ask the client if he is thinking about killing himself.

A client is admitted to the unit in an acute manic episode. He has had three major depressive episodes in the past 10 years and two other hospitalizations for mania. Which of the following disorders would reflect the client's symptom profile? a) Euthymic state b) Bipolar II c) Cyclothymic disorder d) Bipolar I

d) Bipolar I

When teaching a client with newly diagnosed bipolar I disorder, the nurse states that the difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is what? a) Bipolar I disorder involves altered moods of anger and paranoia. b) Bipolar I disorder more often affects women. c) Bipolar I disorder is characterized by hypomanic episodes. d) Bipolar I disorder is often more disruptive than bipolar II disorder.

d) Bipolar I disorder is often more disruptive than bipolar II disorder

Which of the following statements regarding depression and gender is correct? a) Depressive disorders affect young men more than older women. b) Depressive disorders are more common in men than women. c) Depressive disorders equally affect men and women. d) Depressive disorders are more common in women than men.

d) Depressive disorders are more common in women than men.

A client who has liver damage is receiving lithium for treatment of bipolar disorder. The nurse understands that which of the following may occur when the client is receiving lithium? a) No alteration in plasma levels b) Monitoring of plasma levels is not needed c) Decreased plasma concentration d) Increased plasma concentration

d) Increased plasma concentration

What is the rationale for a person taking lithium to have enough water and salt in his/her diet? a) Salt and water are necessary to dilute lithium to avoid toxicity. b) Water and salt convert lithium into a usable solute. c) Lithium is metabolized in the liver, necessitating increased water and salt. d) Lithium is a salt that has greater affinity for receptor sites than sodium chloride.

d) Lithium is a salt that has greater affinity for receptor sites than sodium chloride.

A client with severe depression has experienced anhedonia for the past 3 months. The nurse caring for this client understands that this term describes which of the following? a) Feelings of hopelessness b) Feelings of sadness c) Loss of sexual drive d) Loss of interest or pleasure

d) Loss of interest or pleasure

A nurse who works primarily with clients who have bipolar disorder identifies which group of clients as not being candidates to take lithium as treatment? a) Patients who drink decaffeinated coffee b) Patients who take bronchodilators c) Patients with diabetes who take oral antidiabetic agents d) Patients who take ACE inhibitors

d) Patients who take ACE inhibitors

The nurse observes that a client with bipolar disorder is pacing the hall, taking loudly and rapidly, and using elaborate hand gestures. The nurse concludes that the client is demonstrating which of the following? a) Aggression b) Anger c) Anxiety d) Psychomotor agitation

d) Psychomotor agitation

When developing the plan of care for a client with major depression, which of the following is the highest priority? a) Activity level b) Nutrition c) Sleep d) Safety

d) Safety

A nursing student is caring for an elderly client who is taking sertraline for depression. The instructor quizzes the student about the medication and its actions. To what classification of drugs should the student assign sertraline? a) Cyclic antidepressant b) Monoamine-oxidase inhibitor c) Serotonin 2 antagonist d) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

d) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

The nurse is providing a presentation for a group of health professionals about suicide. Which of the following would the nurse address as a major contributing factor to the rising suicide rate among men? a) Parenting practices b) Lack of conflict resolution skills c) Media influences d) Substance abuse

d) Substance abuse

Which of the following terms describes a nonfatal, self-inflicted destructive act with an explicit or implicit intent to die? a) Suicidal ideation b) Parasuicide c) Suicidality d) Suicide attempt

d) Suicide attempt

Susan was abandoned by her parents at age 3, resulting in her perception of the world as a hostile place and the subsequent development of rage against men. This statement is an example of ... a) why Susan has become lesbian at the age of 23. b) a feminist viewpoint of depression. c) a biophysiological explanation for Susan's depressive disorder. d) a psychodynamic interpretation of Susan's major depressive disorder.

d) a psychodynamic interpretation of Susan's major depressive disorder.

A client with bipolar disorder begins taking lithium carbonate (lithium), 300mg QID. After 3 days of therapy, the client says, "My hands are shaking." The best response by the nurse is which of the following? a) "Fine motor tremors are an early effect of lithium therapy that usually subsides in a few weeks." b) "It is nothing to worry about unless it continues for the next month." c) "Tremors can be an early sign of toxicity, but we'll keep monitory your lithium level to make sure you're okay." d) "You can expect tremors with lithium. You seem very concerned about such a small tremor."

a) "Fine motor tremors are an early effect of lithium therapy that usually subsides in a few weeks."

A client is to receive three treatments of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) per week for 3 weeks. After the third treatment, the client is forgetful and confused. When the client's husband arrives to take her home, the nurse discusses his wife's condition with him. Which of the following statements is best? a) "Some people experience mild confusion after ECT. Generally it clears in a few days, though it may take longer." b) "Confusion after ECT is not expected. Though it will resolve, she probably will not be a candidate for ECT in the future." c) "Some confusion after ECT is normal. She will regain her memory in a few hours." d) "Some confusion after ECT is normal. Withhold her medications for today and call tomorrow to let us know how she's doing."

a) "Some people experience mild confusion after ECT. Generally it clears in a few days, though it may take longer."

Which of the following sleep patterns is suggestive of a manic episode? a) A client stays awake for several days and nights before "crashing" and sleeping for a long period. b) A client takes multiple short naps at varied times throughout the day and night. c) A client reports having fitful sleep that is characterized by frequent awakenings and nightmares. d) A client experiences day-night reversal, sleeping until late in the afternoon, and going to bed near dawn.

a) A client stays awake for several days and nights before "crashing" and sleeping for a long period.

Cheryl is a 46-year-old woman who thinks she might be suffering from depression. Which of the following must be present for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder to be made? a) A loss of interest or inability to derive pleasure for previously enjoyed activities b) Disregard for personal hygiene including cleanliness and appearance c) A lack of energy, impaired sleep, and social withdrawal d) A stooped posture and nonverbal signs of a depressed mood

a) A loss of interest or inability to derive pleasure for previously enjoyed activities

Which medication classification has been effective in stabilizing moods in people with bipolar disorder? a) Anticonvulsants b) Anticoagulants c) Antianxiety d) Antibiotics

a) Anticonvulsants

The major difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder is that: a) Clients with bipolar II disorder do not have symptoms of mania that interfere enough to cause marked functional disturbances. b) The prognosis for bipolar I is much better than for bipolar II. c) Clients with bipolar I have no symptoms of mania, but only depression. d) Both disorders are the same, except that clients with bipolar I disorders have a much higher incidence of suicide.

a) Clients with bipolar II disorder do not have symptoms of mania that interfere enough to cause marked functional disturbances.

When assessing a client immediately following ECT, the nurse expects which of the following? a) Confusion b) Long-term memory impairment c) Full of energy d) Numbness and tingling in the extremities

a) Confusion

what are the most common types of side effects from SSRIs? a) Dizziness, drowsiness, and dry mouth b) Convulsions and respiratory difficulties c) Diarrhea and weight gain d) Jaundice and agranulocytosis

a) Dizziness, drowsiness, and dry mouth

The nurse knows that the most dangerous time period following a previous suicide attempt is which of the following? a) First 3 months b) First year c) First 9 months d) First 6 months

a) First 3 months

Which of the following typifies the speech of a person in the acute phase of mania? a) Flight of ideas b) Psychomotor retardation c) Hesitant d) Mutism

a) Flight of ideas

You are conducting an admission assessment with Alberto, a 45-year-old man, who has been demonstrating signs of bipolar disorder. While conducting the assessment, Alberto starts speaking in illogical rhymes and uses word associations. What is the name for this thought pattern? a) Flight of ideas b) Delusions of grandeur c) Expansive ideas d) Excessive euphoric speech

a) Flight of ideas

Which of the following would be a finding related to perceptual disturbances during the mental status exam in the client with mania? a) Hallucinations b) Limited insight c) Inappropriate affect d) Increased motor activity

a) Hallucinations

A client who has been taking lithium for bipolar disorder is admitted to the hospital with the following symptoms: dry mouth, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, dizziness, and muscle twitching. What should the nurse suspect? a) Moderate lithium toxicity b) Common side effects of the drug c) Interaction of lithium with another medication d) Need for an increased dose of medication

a) Moderate lithium toxicity

Which of the following biogenic amines have been implicated in depression? a) Norepinephrine and serotonin b) Epinephrine and dopamine c) Epinephrine and serotonin d) Dopamine and histamine

a) Norepinephrine and serotonin

Although its therapeutic mechanism of action is unknown, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective treatment for severe depression in some clients. The nurse is aware that ECT would be contraindicated in which of the following clients? a) Patients with recent cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) b) Patients who had acute renal failure c) Patients with recent retinal detachment d) Patients who had recent myocardial infarctions (MIs) e) Patients with increased intracranial pressure f) Patients at risk for complications of anesthesia

a) Patients with recent cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) c) Patients with recent retinal detachment d) Patients who had recent myocardial infarctions (MIs) e) Patients with increased intracranial pressure f) Patients at risk for complications of anesthesia

The primary nursing goal for a client who is admitted for suicidal ideation or attempt would be what? a) Prevent self-destructive behavior. b) Assess the cause of his or her depression. c) Assist him or her in the expression of sad and helpless feelings. d) Develop rapport based on trust and understanding.

a) Prevent self-destructive behavior.

Robin is a 42-year-old woman who is experiencing depression. Robin's mother died by suicide 20 years ago. Which of the following statements regarding Robin's risk for suicide is correct? a) Robin has a greater risk for suicide than the general population. b) Robin would have a greater risk for suicide if her father had died by suicide. c) Robin's risk for suicide will increase when she reaches the age of 50. d) Robin's risk is equivalent to that of the general population.

a) Robin has a greater risk for suicide than the general population.

In a therapy session, a client with a diagnosis of major depression admits to the nurse-therapist, "I actually went out driving on the interstate this morning and had every intention of getting up to speed and plowing right into the overpass by my exit. Maybe tomorrow." The nurse would recognize the client's statement as what? a) Suicidal intent b) Suicidal threat c) Suicidal ideation d) Suicidal gesture

a) Suicidal intent

A father of four small children lost his wife in an automobile accident 3 months ago and is admitted to the hospital with severe depression. Since his wife's death, his mood has been somber; until now, he has refused treatment. For what is this client at high risk? a) Suicide b) Dysthymic disorder c) Bipolar disorder d) Schizophrenia

a) Suicide

A client who has just been prescribed lithium for bipolar disorder is getting instructions from the nurse about this medication. Which of the following is important for the nurse to include in teaching? a) The higher the sodium level, the lower the lithium level will be. b) The higher the potassium level, the lower the lithium level will be. c) Lithium has few interactions with other drugs. d) Changes in diet will not affect lithium levels.

a) The higher the sodium level, the lower the lithium level will be.

Which of the following would indicate and increased suicidal risk? a) an abrupt improvement in mood b) calling family members to make amends c) crying when discussing sadness d) feeling overwhelmed by simple daily tasks e) statements such as "I'm such a burden for everyone" f) statements such as "everything will be better soon"

a) an abrupt improvement in mood b) calling family members to make amends f) statements such as "everything will be better soon"

Which of the following activities would be appropriate for a client with mania? a) drawing a picture b) modeling clay c) playing bingo d) playing table tennis e) stretching exercises f) stringing beads

a) drawing a picture b) modeling clay e) stretching exercises

A client with mania begins dancing around the day room. When she twirled her skirt in front of the male clients, it was obvious she had no underpants on. The nurse distracts her and takes her to her room to put on underpants. The nurse acted as she did to a) minimize the client's embarrassment about her present behavior. b) keep her from dancing with other clients. c) avoid embarrassing the male clients who are watching. d) teach her about proper attire and hygiene.

a) minimize the client's embarrassment about her present behavior.

The nurse working on a mental health unit is teaching a nursing student learning about depression. The student asks the nurse about what constitutes a diagnosis for major depressive disorder. What is the nurse's best response? a) "The physician diagnosis depression when a client has feelings of sadness several times a year." b) "The primary diagnostic criterion is one or more major depressive episodes for at least 2 weeks with other symptoms present." c) "Feelings of anxiety and sadness as a response to a life event are the most important qualifiers for depression." d) "Depression is a mood variation to life events."

b) "The primary diagnostic criterion is one or more major depressive episodes for at least 2 weeks with other symptoms present."

Identify the serum lithium level for maintenance and safety. a) 0.1 - 1.0 mEq/L b) 0.5 - 1.5 mEq/L c) 10 - 50 mEq/L d) 50 - 100 mEq/L

b) 0.5 - 1.5 mEq/L

The mental health nurse appropriately provides education on phototherapy to a ... a) 50-year-old farmer whose major depression has not responded to any treatment modality b) 20-year-old college student who reports being "too tired, sad and unfocused" to enroll for classes in the winter term c) 45-year-old lawyer whose medication therapy needs an additional treatment d) 58-year-old showing signs of early Alzheimer's disease

b) 20-year-old college student who reports being "too tired, sad and unfocused" to enroll for classes in the winter term

After being diagnosed with a chronic disease, Muriel has been feeling depressed. Which of the following diagnoses has the strongest association with an increased suicide risk? a) Congestive heart failure b) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome c) Coronary heart disease d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

b) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A client who lost a child 6 years ago as a result of an automobile accident caused by a drunk driver is seen for counseling. During the session, the mental health nurse recognizes the priority need to ... a) Express condolences over the loss of the child b) Assess the client for suicidal ideations c) Assess the client for feelings regarding the driver responsible for the death d) Encourage the client to become an activist in organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

b) Assess the client for suicidal ideations

A patient with severe depression is being treated with medications and is told to increase activity and to exercise at least 4 times a week. Which of the following domains would these nursing interventions address? a) Spiritual b) Biologic c) Psychological d) Social

b) Biologic

What is the difference between depressive disorders and bipolar disorders? a) Depressive disorders involve times of elation that are not found in bipolar disorder. b) Bipolar disorders involve mood swings ranging from depression to euphoria. c) Bipolar disorders do not involve periods of sadness or unhappiness. d) Depressive disorders cannot be treated but bipolar disorders are treatable.

b) Bipolar disorders involve mood swings ranging from depression to euphoria.

After educating a class on factors that enhance the risk of suicide, the instructor determines the need for additional education when the class identifies which of the following? a) Delusions b) Cautiousness c) Loss d) Family member committing suicide

b) Cautiousness

A nurse working on a gerontology floor tells a co-worker that all elderly clients have depression. In reality, depression in older clients is often associated with chronic illness. Therefore, differential diagnosis for older clients is critical, because often symptoms in this age group are confused with symptoms related to which of the following? Select all that apply. a) Urinary tract infection b) Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) c) Dementia d) Dehydration e) Pneumonia

b) Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) c) Dementia

Which of the following is an anticonvulsant used as a mood stabilizer? a) Bupropion (Wellbutrin) b) Divalproex (Depakote) c) Venlafaxine (Effexor) d) Phenelzine (Nardil)

b) Divalproex (Depakote)

Which client population has the highest risk for suicide? a) Adolescent girls b) Elderly men c) Adolescent boys d) Elderly women

b) Elderly men

The nurse is caring for a group of hospitalized clients with various psychiatric diagnoses. The nurse identifies which client as having the greatest risk for a suicide attempt? a) Man with bipolar I disorder b) Man with major depressive disorder c) Woman with somatoform disorder d) Woman with acute stress disorder

b) Man with major depressive disorder

A client is happy one month and sad and depressed the next. This client has rapid shifts in moods that leave people confused. What is the client demonstrating? a) Irritable mood b) Mood lability c) Manic episode d) Expansive mood

b) Mood lability

A client has been diagnosed with major depression and placed on Elavil. Which of the following is a side effect of amitriptyline (Elavil)? a) Diarrhea b) Orthostatic hypotension c) Excessive salivation d) Weight loss

b) Orthostatic hypotension

A client with major depression is prescribed paroxetine (Paxil). The nurse develops an education plan for the client based on the understanding that this drug belongs to which class of drugs? a) Tricyclic antidepressants b) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors c) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors d) Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

b) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A client taking lithium for bipolar disorder is having mild diarrhea. The nurse informs the client that this is an example of which of the following? a) Toxic effect b) Side effect c) Therapeutic effect d) Desired effect

b) Side effect

Which of the following is a primary risk factor for suicide? a) Unemployment b) Social isolation c) Economic deprivation d) Poverty

b) Social isolation

Which of the following is accurate regarding women and suicide? a) They are more likely to choose a more lethal method than men. b) They are less likely to complete suicide than men. c) They are more likely to die from attempted suicide than men. d) They attempt suicide less often than men.

b) They are less likely to complete suicide than men.

When assessing a client who reports mild symptoms of depression, the nurse expects that the diagnostic tests ordered will include a) Coagulation time b) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) c) Platelet count d) Liver function test

b) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Kalie is a 42-year-old woman who has been prescribed a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Kalie should be informed to avoid foods containing which of the following? a) Calcium b) Tyramine c) Sodium d) Arganine

b) Tyramine

The monoamine hypothesis of depression ... a) relates to bipolar disorders, not to depression. b) holds that depression results from a deficiency in the concentrations or in metabolic dysregulation of the monoamines. c) holds that depression is caused by sociocultural and psychological factors. d) holds that depression is caused by only one of the biogenic amines.

b) holds that depression results from a deficiency in the concentrations or in metabolic dysregulation of the monoamines.x