Psychiatric-Mental Health Practice Exam HESI

4. A 38-year-old female client is admitted with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. When her tray is brought to her, she refuses to eat and tells the nurse, "I know you are trying to poison me with that food." Which response is most appropriate for the nurse to make? A) I'll leave your tray here. I am available if you need anything else. B) You're not being poisoned. Why do you think someone is trying to poison you? C) No one on this unit has ever died from poisoning. You're safe here. D) I will talk to your healthcare provider about the possibility of changing your diet.

(A) is the best choice cited. The nurse does not argue with the client nor demand that she eat, but offers support by agreeing to "be there if needed", e.g., to warm the food. (B and C) are arguing with the client's delusions, and (B) asks "why" which is usually not a good question for a psychotic client. (D) has nothing to do with the actual problem; i.e., the problem is not the diet (she thinks any food given to her is poisoned.) Correct Answer(s): A

16. The nurse should include which interventions in the plan of care for a severely depressed client with neurovegetative symptoms? (Select all that apply.) A) Permit rest periods as needed. B) Speaking slowly and simply. C) Place the client on suicide precautions. D) Allow the client extra time to complete tasks. E) Observe and encourage food and fluid intake. F) Encourage mild exercise and short walks on the unit

(A, B, D, E, and F) should be included in this client's plan of care because these measures promote the client's comfort and well-being. Neurovegetative symptoms accompany the mood disorder of depression and include physiological disruptions, such as anorexia, constipation, sleep disturbance, and psychomotor retardation. Suicidal ideation (C) does not usually accompany the neurovegetative state because the client does not have the energy or high level of anxiety associated with a suicide attempt. Correct Answer(s): A, B, D, E, F

68. Physical examination of a 6-year-old reveals several bite marks in various locations on his body. X-ray examination reveals healed fractures of the ribs. The mother tells the nurse that her child is always having accidents. Which initial response by the nurse would be most appropriate? A) I need to inform the healthcare provider about your child's tendency to be accident prone. B) Tell me more specifically about your child's accidents. C) I must report these injuries to the authorities because they do not seem accidental. D) Boys this age always seem to require more supervision and can be quite accident prone.

(B) seeks more information using an open ended, non-threatening statement. (A) could be appropriate, but it is not the best answer because the nurse is being somewhat sarcastic and is also avoiding the situation by referring it to the healthcare provider for resolution. Although it is true that suspected cases of child abuse must be reported, (C) is virtually an attack and is jumping to conclusions before conclusive data has been obtained. (D) is a cliché and dismisses the seriousness of the situation. Correct Answer(s): B

37. A 45-year-old male client tells the nurse that he used to believe that he was Jesus Christ, but now he knows he is not. Which response is best for the nurse to make? A) Did you really believe you were Jesus Christ? B) I think you're getting well. C) Others have had similar thoughts when under stress. D) Why did you think you were Jesus Christ?

(C) offers support by assuring the client that others have suffered as he has (also the principle on which Alcoholics Anonymous acts). (A) is belittling. (B) is making an inappropriate judgment. You may have narrowed your choices to (C and D). However, you should eliminate (D) because it is a "why" question, and the client does not know why! Correct Answer(s): C

39. A 25-year-old female client has been particularly restless and the nurse finds her trying to leave the psychiatric unit. She tells the nurse, "Please let me go! I must leave because the secret police are after me." Which response is best for the nurse to make? A) No one is after you, you're safe here. B) You'll feel better after you have rested. C) I know you must feel lonely and frightened. D) Come with me to your room and I will sit with you.

(D) is the best response because it offers support without judgment or demands. (A) is arguing with the client's delusion. (B) is offering false reassurance. (C) is a violation of therapeutic communication in that the nurse is telling the client how she feels (frightened and lonely), rather than allowing the client to describe her own feelings. Hallucinating and/or delusional clients are not capable of discussing their feelings, particularly when they perceive a crisis. Correct Answer(s): D

32. The nurse is leading a "current events group" with chronic psychiatric clients. One group member states, "Saddam Hussein was my nurse during my last hospitalization. He was a very mean nurse and wasn't nice to me." Which response is best for the nurse to make? A) Saddam Hussein was not your nurse. B) What did he do to you that was so mean? C) I didn't know that Saddam Hussein was a nurse. D) I agree that Saddam Hussein is not a very nice man.

(D) presents the reality of the situation (the individual is not nice) in relation to American culture. The fact that Saddam Hussein is not a nurse should be addressed on an individual basis. Since this is group therapy, the nurse would be illustrating the concept of universality. (A) is likely to promote defensiveness. (B and C) would support the delusion. Correct Answer(s): D

52. The nurse plans to help an 18-year-old female mentally retarded client ambulate the first postoperative day after an appendectomy. When the nurse tells the client it is time to get out of bed, the client becomes angry and tells the nurse, "Get out of here! I'll get up when I'm ready!" Which response is best for the nurse to make? A) Your healthcare provider has prescribed ambulation on the first postoperative day. B) You must ambulate to avoid complications which could cause more discomfort than ambulating. C) I know how you feel. You're angry about having to ambulate, but this will help you get well. D) I'll be back in 30 minutes to help you get out of bed and walk around the room.

(D) provides a "cooling off" period, is firm, direct, non-threatening, and avoids arguing with the client. (A) is avoiding responsibility by referring to the healthcare provider. (B) is trying to reason with a mentally retarded client and is threatening the client with "complications." (C) is telling the client how she feels (angry), and the nurse does not really "know" how this client feels, unless the nurse is mentally retarded and has just had an appendectomy! Correct Answer(s): D

48. The nurse suspects child abuse when assessing a 3-year-old boy and noticing several small, round burns on his legs and trunk that might be the result of cigarette burns. Which parental behavior provides the greatest validation for such suspicions? A) The parents' explanation of how the burns occurred is different from the child's explanation of how they occurred. B) The parents seem to dismiss the severity of the child's burns, saying they are very small and have not posed any problem. C) The parents become very anxious when the nurse suggests that the child may need to be admitted for further evaluation. D) The parents tell the nurse that the child was burned in a house fire which is incompatible with the nurse's observation of the type of burn.

(D) provides the most validation. The parent's explanation (subjective data) is incompatible with the objective data (small round burns on the legs and trunk). (A) provides only subjective data, and the child's explanation could be influenced by factors such as age, fear, or imagination. The parent's apparent lack of concern (B) is inconclusive, but the nurse's opinion of the parents' reaction is subjective and could be wrong. (C) might provide a clue that child abuse occurred, but the nurse must remember that most parents are anxious about their child being hospitalized. Correct Answer(s): D

A nurse is conducting a therapy group whose objectives are to assist the members to gain insight and to change behavior so they are able to participate in life in a more satisfying manner. What leadership style will best help the nurse achieve these objectives? 1 Democratic, guiding 2 Hierarchal, directing 3 Autocratic, controlling 4 Laissez-faire, observing

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When talking with a client in crisis, the crisis intervention nurse should first: 1 Assist the client in deciding what will be done and how it will be done. 2 Identify problems for the client, putting them in the proper perspective. 3 Explain that the center has helped many clients with the same problem. 4 Explore the client's religious and cultural beliefs to ensure that interventions support the client's values

1 Although problem-solving potential is increased when clients are involved in exploring alternatives that will affect the direction of their own lives, clients in crisis may be overwhelmed and initially need assistance in making decisions. The client, not the crisis intervention practitioner, should identify the problem; the practitioner facilitates the process. Telling the client that the center has helped many similar clients is pointless because the client is unable to empathize with others at this time. Identifying the client's religious and cultural beliefs is not the priority at this time.

A client has been taking amoxapine (Asendin) for the past 3 months with no improvement. The practitioner prescribes phenelzine (Nardil) to be given as well. The nurse should: 1 Question the prescription and withhold the medication. 2 Ask the client about allergies to feathers before giving the first dose. 3 Withhold the medication until a specimen for liver enzymes is drawn. 4 Remind the client that this medication should be taken with meals and that milk products must be avoided.

1 Amoxapine (Asendin) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), and phenelzine (Nardil) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI); TCAs are contraindicated in concomitant use with MAOIs. Although checking for allergies is important, an allergy to feathers is not specific to MAOIs. Blood tests are not done specifically before the administration of MAOIs. Phenelzine does not have to be taken with food. Milk products, with the exception of aged cheeses and yogurt, may be eaten; products containing tyramine must be avoided.

A nurse should base care for grieving clients on the knowledge that the grieving process may last longer for people who have: 1 Feelings of guilt 2 Ambivalent feelings about death 3 Failed to remarry after several years 4 Close relationships with family members

1 Guilt feelings can prolong the grieving process because the individual is overwhelmed by both guilt and grief and consequently the energy needed to cope with both is excessive. Ambivalent feelings about the deceased, not the death itself, can prolong grief. There are no research data to support the belief that the grieving process lasts longer for people who failed to remarry after several years. Usually the opposite is true; the support provided hastens the resolution of grief.

A nurse encourages a client to join a self-help group after being discharged from a mental health facility. What is the purpose of having people work in a group? 1 Support 2 Confrontation 3 Psychotherapy 4 Self-awareness

1 Members of a self-help group share similar experiences and can provide valuable understanding and support to one other. Although confrontation and self-awareness may occur, these are not the primary purposes of self-help groups. Self-help groups provide an opportunity for people to interact, not to engage in professional psychotherapy.

An 18-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her two roommates after being found unconscious in the bathroom. Laboratory tests are ordered. The nurse reviewing the findings notes that the urinalysis is positive for flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). The nurse knows that flunitrazepam is often used: 1 As a date rape drug 2 To control symptoms of psychosis 3 To control symptoms of bipolar mania 4 To treat hangover symptoms after excessive alcohol consumption

1 Rohypnol (flunitrazepam), illegal in the United States, has been used in date rapes; the victim is attacked after consuming a drink spiked with the drug. Flunitrazepam is not used to treat psychosis, mania, or hangover symptoms

When talking with a client who has alcoholism, the nurse notes that the client becomes irritable, makes excuses, and blames family and friends for the drinking problem. Which defense mechanisms does the nurse conclude that the client is using? Select all that apply. 1 Projection 2 Suppression 3 Sublimation 4 Identification 5 Rationalization

15 Projection is the unconscious denial of unacceptable feelings and emotions in one's self while attributing them to others. This defense mechanism commonly is used by clients with alcoholism because it helps make reality more acceptable. Rationalization is making acceptable excuses for behavior; this defense is used by people with alcoholism because it makes reality more acceptable. Suppression keeps uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, and wishes in the subconscious; suppression is used rarely by people with alcoholism. Sublimation (the rechanneling of anxiety into constructive activities) is rarely used by these clients. Identification is the unconscious wish to be like another person; it is not commonly used by clients with an alcohol problem.

The emergency department nurse is conducting an interview and assisting with the physical examination of a female sexual assault victim. What is most important for the nurse to document on this client's record? 1 Observations about the client's reaction to male staff members 2 Statements by the client about the sexual assault and the rapist 3 Information about the client's previous knowledge of the rapist 4 Summary statement about the client's description of the assault and the rapist

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A nurse is caring for clients who are undergoing therapy for dependence on alcohol. Which member of the health team has the primary responsibility for their rehabilitation? 1 Nurse 2 Client 3 Counselor 4 Psychiatrist

2 According to the philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous, clients who have problems with alcohol must identify their own need to seek help and therefore become the primary rehabilitators. The nurse can give support but is not the primary rehabilitator. The counselor can give direction but is not the primary rehabilitator. The psychiatrist can give support, but the client is the primary rehabilitator when it comes to coping with alcoholism.

A secretary in a home health agency gossips about coworkers and then writes them notes to tell them how valuable they are to the organization and how much she likes working with them. What defense mechanism is being used by the secretary? 1 Denial 2 Undoing 3 Displacement 4 Intellectualizatio

2 Undoing is atonement for or an attempt to dissipate unacceptable acts or wishes. Denial is the refusal to accept or perceive unpleasantness as it actually exists. Displacement is the discharge of pent-up feelings onto something or someone that is less threatening than the original source of the feelings. Intellectualization is the use of abstract thinking to minimize painful feelings.

The nurse should first discuss terminating the nurse-client relationship with a client during the: 1 Working phase, when the client initiates it 2 Orientation phase, when a contract is established 3 Working phase, when the client shows some progress 4 Termination phase, when discharge plans are being made

2 When the nurse and client agree to work together, a contract should be established, and the length of the relationship should be discussed in terms of its ultimate termination. The client may discuss termination during the working phase; however, the subject should initially be discussed during the orientation phase. Termination and discharge plans may be discussed more thoroughly during this phase, but the subject should initially be discussed during the orientation phase.

A client who has been taking the prescribed dose of zolpidem (Ambien) for 5 days returns to the clinic for a follow-up visit. When interviewing the client, the nurse identifies that the medication has been effective when the client says: 1 "I have less pain." 2 "I have been sleeping better." 3 "My blood glucose is under control." 4 "My blood pressure is coming down."

2 Zolpidem (Ambien) is a sedative-hypnotic that produces central nervous system depression in the limbic, thalamic, and hypothalamic areas of the brain. Zolpidem is not an analgesic, antidiabetic, or antihypertensive medication.

A male long-distance jumper improves his distance by 3½ inches (7 cm) and earns the praise of his coach, but on another day, when he does not reach his mark, he forcefully kicks the door of his locker. What defense mechanism does his outburst demonstrate? 1 Anger 2 Projection 3 Displacement 4 Rationalization

3 Displacement is the discharging of pent-up feelings on a less threatening object, in this case the locker door. Anger is not a defense mechanism. Projection is attributing one's own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another. Rationalization is behavior that attempts to prove that one's feelings or behavior is justifiable.

Donepezil (Aricept) is prescribed for a senior client who has mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. What information does the nurse include when discussing this medication with the client and family? 1 Fluids should be limited to four large glasses per day. 2 Constipation should be reported to the practitioner immediately. 3 Blood tests that reflect liver function will be performed routinely. 4 The client's medication dosage may be self-adjusted according to the client's response.

3 Donepezil may affect the liver because alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is found predominantly in the liver; most ALT increases indicate hepatocellular disease. Clients taking this medication should have regular liver function tests and report light stools and jaundice to the practitioner. Fluids should not be limited, because one of the side effects of donepezil (Aricept) is constipation. A side effect of constipation is expected; therefore fluids, high-fiber foods, and exercise should be recommended to help keep the stools soft . The client should not abruptly increase or decrease the dosage; donepezil should be taken exactly as prescribed.

Considering the anticholinergic-like side effects of many of the psychotropic drugs, the nurse should encourage clients taking these drugs to: 1 Restrict their fluid intake. 2 Eat a diet high in carbohydrates. 3 Suck on sugar-free hard candies. 4 Avoid products that contain aspirin.

3 Hard candy may produce salivation, which helps alleviate the anticholinergic-like side effect of dry mouth that is experienced with some psychotropics. Dry mouth increases the risk for cavities; candy with sugar adds to this risk. Fluids should be encouraged, not discouraged; fluids may alleviate the dry mouth. The other options are unnecessary.

What should the nurse do when determining whether a client is experiencing adverse effects of risperidone (Risperdal)? 1 Monitor for episodes of diarrhea. 2 Test sensation of lower extremities. 3 Question if dizziness is experienced. 4 Auscultate breath sounds to detect wheezing.

3 Hypotension and dizziness are adverse effects of risperidone (Risperdal). Risperidone may cause constipation, not diarrhea. It does not affect the neuromuscular or cardiovascular function of the legs; numbness and coldness of the feet do not occur. Risperidone does not cause wheezing or shortness of breath.

n a mental health day treatment program, a psychiatric nurse is assessing a client's activity level. The client starts to walk swiftly around the room while rubbing the hands together. What should the nurse conclude that the client is exhibiting? 1 Tardive dyskinesia 2 Withdrawal syndrome 3 Psychomotor agitation 4 Psychophysiological insomnia

3 Psychomotor agitation is constant motion such as pacing, hand-wringing, nail-biting, and other types of energetic body movements. Tardive dyskinesia is a syndrome of involuntary movements (e.g., oral, buccal, lingual, masticatory) that occur as a result of prolonged treatment with neuroleptic drugs that block dopamine type 2 receptors. Withdrawal syndrome includes the signs and symptoms caused by the abrupt cessation of a substance that the client has become dependent on as a result of prolonged use. Psychophysiological insomnia refers to difficulty attaining or maintaining sleep; it is not related to agitated behavior.

What developmental task should the nurse consider when caring for toddlers? 1 Trust 2 Industry 3 Autonomy 4 Identification

3 Testing the self both physically and psychologically occurs during the toddler stage, after trust has been achieved. Trust is the task of infancy. The task of industry is accomplished between the ages of 6 and 12. Identification is not a developmental task. However, between the ages of 3 and 6 a child starts to identify with the parent of the same sex. trust, autonomy, industry

A nurse provides crisis intervention for a client who recently left her husband because of physical abuse. Which client behaviors indicate to the nurse that the therapy has been successful? Select all that apply. 1 Is able to cry 2 Sleeps half the day 3 Utilizes healthier coping skills 4 Refuses a referral to support services 5 Describes the current situation realistically

35 Healthier coping provides a repertoire of skills from which to draw in future crisis situations. Being able to be objective and review the situation realistically demonstrates progress as the client moves toward resolution of the crisis. Although crying reflects that the client is expressing her feelings, usually it indicates the presence of anxiety and probably nonresolution of the crisis. Sleeping excessively is a maladaptive strategy. Refusing referrals to support services may indicate denial. One of the goals of crisis intervention is to develop a stronger support system.

A client is admitted to a mental health facility because of maladaptive coping behavior. How can the nurse best help the client develop healthier coping mechanisms? 1 By providing a stress-free environment 2 By promoting interpersonal relationships with peers 3 By allowing the client to assume responsibility for decisions 4 By setting realistic limits on the client's maladaptive behavior

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A client asks the nurse, "Because I'm so comfortable talking with you, can we go out for coffee and movie after I get discharged?" To maintain the boundaries of a therapeutic relationship, how will the nurse respond? 1 "I'm flattered but that would be professionally unethical." 2 "You feel connected to me now; that will change once you are discharged." 3 "The attention I've giving you is directed towards getting you better; it isn't social." 4 "A social life is important so as your nurse let's talk about how you can form friendships."

4 Clients often become socially interested in the nursing staff. When this occurs the nurse should remind the client of the nursing role and take the opportunity to discuss the need for friendships and how to achieve them best. Stating "I'm flattered but that would be professionally unethical," "You feel connected to me now; that will change once you are discharged," and "The attention I've giving you is directed towards getting you better; it isn't social," while not untrue or inappropriate, do not address best the nursing responsibility in this therapeutic role.

A client with diabetes mellitus is able to discuss in detail the diabetic metabolic process while eating a piece of chocolate cake. What defense mechanism does the nurse identify when evaluating this behavior? 1 Projection 2 Dissociation 3 Displacement 4 Intellectualization

4 Intellectualization is the avoidance of a painful emotion with the use of a rational explanation that removes the event from any personal significance. Projection is the attribution of unacceptable thoughts and feelings to others. Dissociation is a temporary alteration of consciousness or identity used to handle conflict; amnesia is an example. Displacement is the discharge of a pent-up feeling, generally hostility, on an object or person perceived to be weaker than the person who aroused the feelings.

A practitioner prescribes routine checks of the client's lithium level to be performed. How many hours after the last dose of lithium should the nurse plan to obtain the blood specimen? 1 2 to 4 2 4 to 6 3 6 to 8 4 8 to 12

4 Lithium absorption and excretion occur 8 to 12 hours after the last dose. Concentrations may be falsely higher at 2 to 4, 4 to 6, or 6 to 8 hours after administration, affecting the reliability of the readings.

A terminally ill client is moving gradually toward resolution of feelings about impending death. In a plan of care based on Elisabeth Kübler-Ross' research, the nurse should use nonverbal interventions after having assessed that the client is in the: 1 Anger stage 2 Denial stage 3 Bargaining stage 4 Acceptance stage

4 When acceptance is reached, the individual is beginning to withdraw from life; communication is simple, concise, and most often nonverbal. Kübler-Ross' research has shown that this stage usually requires verbal interventions and communication. The client has moved past the anger, denial, and bargaining stages.

The wife of a client who is dying tells the nurse that although she wants to visit her husband daily, she can visit only twice a week because she works and has to take care of the house and their cat and dog. What defense mechanism does the nurse conclude that the client's wife is using? 1 Projection 2 Sublimation 3 Compensation 4 Rationalization

4Rationalization is offering a socially acceptable or logical explanation to justify an unacceptable feeling or behavior. Projection is the denial of emotionally unacceptable feelings and the attribution of the traits to another person. Sublimation is the substitution of a socially acceptable behavior for an unacceptable feeling or drive. Compensation is making up for a perceived deficiency by emphasizing another feature perceived as an asset.

23. The nurse is taking a history for a female client who is requesting a routine female exam. Which assessment finding requires follow-up? A) Menstruation onset at age 9. B) Contraceptive method includes condoms only. C) Menstrual cycle occurs every 35 days. D) Black-out after one drink last night on a date.

A "black-out" typically occurs after ingestion of alcohol beverages that the client has no recall of the experiences or one's behavior and is indicative of high blood alcohol levels, but the client's experience of a "black-out" after one drink (D) is suspicious of the client receiving a "date rape" drug (Flunitrazepam) and needs additional follow-up. Although (A and C) occur on the outer ranges of "average," both are within acceptable or "normal" ranges. (B) is an individual preference, but using condoms as the only contraceptive method carries a higher chance of conception. Correct Answer(s): D

62. A young adult male client, diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, believes that world is trying poison him. What intervention should the nurse include in this client's plan of care? A) Remind the client that his suspicions are not true. B) Ask one nurse to spend time with the client daily. C) Encourage the client to participate in group activities. D) Assign the client to a room closest to the activity room.

A client with paranoid schizophrenia has difficulty with trust and developing a trusting relationship with one nurse (B) is likely to be therapeutic for this client. (A) is argumentative. Stress increases anxiety, and anxiety increases paranoid ideation; (C) would be too stressful and anxiety-promoting for a client who is experiencing pathological suspicions. (D) also might increase anxiety and stress. Correct Answer(s): B

59. The nurse is preparing to administer phenelzine sulfate (Nardil) to a client on the psychiatric unit. Which complaint related to administration of this drug should the nurse expect this client to make? A) My mouth feels like cotton. B) That stuff gives me indigestion. C) This pill gives me diarrhea. D) My urine looks pink.

A dry mouth (A) is an anticholinergic effect that is an expected side effect of MAO inhibitors such as phenelzine sulfate (Nardil). (B, C, and D) are not expected side effects of this medication. Correct Answer(s): A

63. The nurse should hold the next scheduled dose of a client's haloperidol (Haldol) based on which assessment finding(s)? A) Dizziness when standing. B) Shuffling gait and hand tremors. C) Urinary retention. D) Fever of 102° F.

A fever (D) may indicate neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), a potentially fatal complication of antipsychotics. The healthcare provider should be contacted before administering the next dose of Haldol. (A, B, and C) are all adverse effects of Haldol which can be managed. Correct Answer(s): D

30. A woman arrives in the Emergency Center and tells the nurse she thinks she has been raped. The client is sobbing and expresses disbelief that a rape could happen because the man is her best friend. After acknowledging the client's fear and anxiety, how should the nurse respond? A) "I would be very upset and mad if my best friend did that to me." B) "You must feel betrayed, but maybe you might have led him on?" C) "Rape is not limited to strangers and frequently occurs by someone who is known to the victim." D) "This does not sound like rape. Did you change your mind about having sex after the fact?"

A victim of date rape or acquaintance rape is less prone to recognize what is happening because the incident usually involves persons who know each other and the dynamics are different than rape by a stranger. (C) provides confrontation for the client's denial because the victim frequently knows and trusts the perpetrator. Nurses should not express personal feelings (A) when dealing with victims. Suggesting that the client led on the rapist (B) indicates that the sexual assault was somehow the victim's fault. (D) is judgmental and does not display compassion or establish trust between the nurse and the client. Correct Answer(s): C

57. Over a period of several weeks, one male participant of a socialization group at a community day care center for the elderly monopolizes most of the group's time and interrupts others when they are talking. What is the best action for the nurse to take in this situation? A) Talk to the client outside the group about his behavior during group meetings. B) Remind the client to allow others in the group a chance to talk. C) Allow the group to handle the problem. D) Ask the client to join another group.

After several weeks, the group is in the working phase and the group members should be allowed to determine the direction of the group. The nurse should ignore the client's comments and allow the group to handle the situation (C). A good leader should not have separate meetings with group members (A), as such behavior is manipulative on the part of the leader. (B) is dictatorial and is not in keeping with good leadership skills. (D) is avoiding the problem. Remember, identify what phase the group is in--initial, working, or termination--this will help determine communication style. Correct Answer(s): C

75. A 45-year-old female client is admitted to the psychiatric unit for evaluation. Her husband states that she has been reluctant to leave home for the last six months. The client has not gone to work for a month and has been terminated from her job. She has not left the house since that time. This client is displaying symptoms of what condition? A) Claustrophobia. B) Acrophobia. C) Agoraphobia. D) Post-traumatic stress disorder.

Agoraphobia (C) is the fear of crowds or being in an open place. (A) is the fear of being in closed places. (B) is the fear of high places. Remember, a phobia is an unrealistic fear which is associated with severe anxiety. (D) consists of the development of anxiety symptoms following a life event that is particularly serious and stressful (war, witnessing a child killed, etc.) and is experienced with terror, fear, and helplessness--a phobia is different. Correct Answer(s): C

18. Based on non-compliance with the medication regimen, an adult client with a medical diagnosis of substance abuse and schizophrenia was recently switched from oral fluphenazine HCl (Prolixin) to IM fluphenazine decanoate (Prolixin Decanoate). What is most important to teach the client and family about this change in medication regimen? A) Signs and symptoms of extrapyramidal effects (EPS). B) Information about substance abuse and schizophrenia. C) The effects of alcohol and drug interaction. D) The availability of support groups for those with dual diagnoses.

Alcohol enhances the EPS side effects of Prolixin. The half-life of Prolixin PO is 8 hours, whereas the half-life of the Prolixin Decanoate IM is 2 to 4 weeks. That means the side effects of drinking alcohol are far more severe when the client drinks alcohol after taking the long-acting Prolixin Decanoate IM. (A, B, and D) provide valuable information and should be included in the client/family teaching, but they do not have the priority of (C). Correct Answer(s): C

28. A 19-year-old female client with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa wants to help serve dinner trays to other clients on a psychiatric unit. What action should the nurse take? A) Encourage the client's participation in unit activities by asking her to pass trays for the rest of the week. B) Provide an additional challenge by asking the client to also help feed the older clients. C) Suggest another way for this client to participate in unit activities. D) Tell the client that hospital policy does not permit her to pass trays.

Anorexics gain pleasure from providing others with food and watching them eat. Such behaviors reinforce their perception of self-control. These clients should not be allowed to plan or prepare food for unit activities and their desires to do so should be redirected (C). (A and B) are contraindicated for a client with anorexia nervosa. (D) avoids addressing the problem and is manipulative in that the nurse is blaming hospital policy for treatment protocol. Correct Answer(s): C

11. At the first meeting of a group of older adults at a daycare center for the elderly, the nurse asks one of the members what kinds of things she would like to do with the group. The older woman shrugs her shoulders and says, "You tell me, you're the leader." What is the best response for the nurse to make? A) Yes, I am the leader today. Would you like to be the leader tomorrow? B) Yes, I will be leading this group. What would you like to accomplish during this time? C) Yes, I have been assigned to be the leader of this group. I will be here for the next six weeks. D) Yes, I am the leader. You seem angry about not being the leader yourself.

Anxiety over participation in a group and testing of the leader characteristically occur in the initial phase of group dynamics. (B) provides information and focuses the group back to defining its function. (A) is manipulative bargaining. Although (C) provides information, it does not focus the group on its purpose or task. (D) is interpreting the client's feelings and is almost challenging. Correct Answer(s): B

70. A client on the psychiatric unit appears to imitate a certain nurse on the unit. The client seeks out this particular nurse and imitates her mannerisms. The nurse knows that the client is using which defense mechanism? A) Sublimation. B) Identification. C) Introjection. D) Repression.

Identification (B) is an attempt to be like someone or emulate the personality traits of another. (A) is substituting an unacceptable feeling for one that is more socially acceptable. (C) is incorporating the values or qualities of an admired person or group into one's own ego structure. (D) is the involuntary exclusion of painful thoughts or memories from one's awareness. Correct Answer(s): B

60. A 22-year-old male client is admitted to the emergency center following a suicide attempt. His records reveal that this is his third suicide attempt in the past two years. He is conscious, but does not respond to verbal commands for treatment. Which assessment finding should prompt the nurse to prepare the client for gastric lavage? A) He ingested the drug 3 hours prior to admission to the emergency center. B) The family reports that he took an entire bottle of acetaminophen (Tylenol). C) He is unresponsive to instructions and is unable to cooperate with emetic therapy. D) Those with repeated suicide attempts desire punishment to relieve their guilt.

Because the client is unable to follow instructions, emetic therapy would be very difficult to implement and gastric lavage would be necessary (C). (A and B) should be considered in determining the course of treatment, but they are not the basis for determining if gastric lavage will be implemented. Medical treatments should never be used as "punitive" measures (D). Correct Answer(s): C

36. A 27-year-old female client is admitted to the psychiatric hospital with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, manic phase. She is demanding and active. Which intervention should the nurse include in this client's plan of care? A) Schedule her to attend various group activities. B) Reinforce her ability to make her own decisions. C) Encourage her to identify feelings of anger. D) Provide a structured environment with little stimuli.

Clients in the manic phase of a bipolar disorder require decreased stimuli and a structured environment (D). Plan noncompetitive activities that can be carried out alone. (A) is contraindicated; stimuli should be reduced as much as possible. Impulsive decision-making is characteristic of clients with bipolar disorder. To prevent future complications, the nurse should monitor these clients' decisions and assist them in the decision-making process (B). (C) is more often associated with depression than with bipolar disorder. Correct Answer(s): D

40. A female client with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is describing her obsessions and compulsions and asks the nurse why these make her feel safer. What information should the nurse include in this client's teaching plan? (Select all that apply.) A) Compulsions relieve anxiety. B) Anxiety is the key reason for OCD. C) Obsessions cause compulsions. D) Obsessive thoughts are linked to levels of neurochemicals. E) Antidepressant medications increase serotonin levels.

Correct choices are (A, B, D, and E). To promote client understanding and compliance, the teaching plan should include explanations about the origin and treatment options of OCD symptomology. Compulsions are behaviors that help relieve anxiety (A), which is a vague feeling related to unknown fears, that motivate behavior (B) to help the client cope and feel secure. All obsessions (C) do not result in compulsive behavior. OCD is supported by the neurophysiology theory, which attributes a diminished level of neurochemicals (D), particularly serotonin, and responds to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Correct Answer(s): A, B, D, E

24. On admission, a highly anxious client is described as delusional. The nurse understands that delusions are most likely to occur with which class of disorder? A) Neurotic. B) Personality. C) Anxiety. D) Psychotic.

Delusions are false beliefs associated with psychotic behavior, and psychotic persons are not in touch with reality (D). (A, B, and C) are mental health disorders which are not associated with a break in reality, nor with hallucinations (false sensations such as hearing, or seeing) or delusions (false beliefs). Correct Answer(s): D

19. An adult male client who was admitted to the mental health unit yesterday tells the nurse that microchips were planted in his head for military surveillance of his every move. Which response is best for the nurse to provide? A) You are in the hospital, and I am the nurse caring for you. B) It must be difficult for you to control your anxious feelings. C) Go to occupational therapy and start a project. D) You are not in a war area now; this is the United States.

Delusions often generate fear and isolation, so the nurse should help the client participate in activities that avoid focusing on the false belief and encourage interaction with others (C). Delusions are often well-fixed, and though (A) reinforces reality, it is argumentative and dismisses the client's fears. It is often difficult for the client to recognize the relationship between delusions and anxiety (B), and the nurse should reassure the client that he is in a safe place. Dismissing delusional thinking (D) is unrealistic because neurochemical imbalances that cause positive symptoms of schizophrenia require antipsychotic drug therapy. Correct Answer(s): C

58. The nurse is planning the care for a 32-year-old male client with acute depression. Which nursing intervention bests helps this client deal with his depression? A) Ensure that the client's day is filled with group activities. B) Assist the client in exploring feelings of shame, anger, and guilt. C) Allow the client to initiate and determine activities of daily living. D) Encourage the client to explore the rationale for his depression.

Depression is associated with feelings of shame, anger, and guilt. Exploring such feelings is an important nursing intervention for the depressed client (B). If the client's day is filled with group activities (A) he might not have the opportunity to explore these feelings. (C) is a good intervention for the chronically depressed client who exhibits vegetative signs of depression. (D) is essentially asking the client "why" he is depressed--avoid "why's" disguised as "rationale." Correct Answer(s): B

55. A 65-year-old female client complains to the nurse that recently she has been hearing voices. What question should the nurse ask this client first? A) Do you have problems with hallucinations? B) Are you ever alone when you hear the voices? C) Has anyone in your family had hearing problems? D) Do you see things that others cannot see?

Determining if the client is alone when she hears voices (B) will assist in differentiating between hallucinations and hearing loss; this is especially important in the aging population. If the client is experiencing hallucinations, the voices will be real to her, and it is unlikely that (A) would provide accurate information. (C and D) might be good follow-up questions, but would not have the priority of (B). Correct Answer(s): B

74. A client who is diagnosed with schizophrenia is admitted to the hospital. The nurse assesses the client's mental status. Which assessment finding is most characteristic of a client with schizophrenia? A) Mood swings. B) Extreme sadness. C) Manipulative behavior. D) Flat affect.

Disinterest, and diminished or lack of facial expression is characteristic of schizophrenia and is referred to as a flat affect (D). (A) is associated with bipolar disorder. (B) is associated with depression. (C) is usually associated with personality disorders and is often seen in clients who abuse substances. Correct Answer(s): D

71. A client with bipolar disorder on the mental health unit becomes loud, and shouts at one of the nurses, "You fat tub of lard! Get something done around here!" What is the best initial action for the nurse to take? A) Have the orderly escort the client to his room. B) Tell the client his healthcare provider will be notified if he continues to be verbally abusive. C) Redirect the client's energy by asking him to tidy the recreation room. D) Call the healthcare provider to obtain a prescription for a sedative.

Distracting the client, or redirecting his energy (C), prevents further escalation of the inappropriate behavior. (A) could result in escalating the abuse and unnecessarily involve another staff member in the abusive situation. (B) is a threat and is using a health team member (healthcare provider) as the threat. (D) may be indicated if the behavior escalates, but, at this time, the best initial action is (C). Correct Answer(s): C

44. A 35-year-old male client who has been hospitalized for two weeks for chronic paranoia continues to state that someone is trying to steal his clothing. Which action should the nurse implement? A) Encourage the client to actively participate in assigned activities on the unit. B) Place a lock on the client's closet. C) Ignore the client's paranoid ideation to extinguish these behaviors. D) Explain to the client that his suspicions are false.

Diverting the client's attention from paranoid ideation and encouraging him to complete assignments can be helpful in assisting him to develop a positive self-image (A). The client's problem is not security, and (B) actually supports his paranoid ideation. (C) is not correct because ignoring the client's symptoms may lower his self-esteem. The nurse should not argue with the client about his delusions (D), and should not try to reason with the client regarding his paranoid ideation. Correct Answer(s): A

5. A client who is being treated with lithium carbonate for bipolar disorder develops diarrhea, vomiting, and drowsiness. What action should the nurse take? A) Notify the healthcare provider immediately and prepare for administration of an antidote. B) Notify the healthcare provider of the symptoms prior to the next administration of the drug. C) Record the symptoms as normal side effects and continue administration of the prescribed dosage. D) Hold the medication and refuse to administer additional amounts of the drug.

Early side effects of lithium carbonate (occurring with serum lithium levels below 2.0 mEq per liter) generally follow a progressive pattern beginning with diarrhea, vomiting, drowsiness, and muscular weakness. At higher levels, ataxia, tinnitus, blurred vision, and large dilute urine output may occur. (B) is the best choice. Although these are expected symptoms, the healthcare provider should be notified prior to the next administration of the drug. (A, C, and D) would not reflect good nursing judgment. Correct Answer(s): B

35. A male client is admitted to the psychiatric unit with a medical diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. During the admission procedure, the client looks up and states, "No, it's not MY fault. You can't blame me. I didn't kill him, you did." What action is best for the nurse to take? A) Reassure the client by telling him that his fear of the admission procedure is to be expected. B) Tell the client that no one is accusing him of murder and remind him that the hospital is a safe place. C) Assess the content of the hallucinations by asking the client what he is hearing. D) Ignore the behavior and make no response at all to his delusional statements.

Further assessment is indicated (C). The nurse should obtain information about what the client believes the voices are telling him--they may be telling him to kill the nurse! (A) is telling the client how he feels (fearful). The nurse should leave communications open and seek more information. (B) is arguing with the client's delusion, and the nurse should never argue with a client's hallucinations or delusions, also (B) is possibly offering false reassurance. (D) is avoiding the situation and the client's needs. Correct Answer(s): C

27. A homeless person who is in the manic phase of bipolar disorder is admitted to the mental health unit. Which laboratory finding obtained on admission is most important for the nurse to report to the healthcare provider? A) Decreased thyroid stimulating hormone level. B) Elevated liver function profile. C) Increased white blood cell count. D) Decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels.

Hyperthyroidism causes an increased level of serum thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which inhibit the release of TSH (A), so the client's manic behavior may be related to an endocrine disorder. (B, C, and D) are abnormal findings that are commonly found in the homeless population because of poor sanitation, poor nutrition, and the prevalence of substance abuse. Correct Answer(s): A

64. Within several days of hospitalization, a client is repeatedly washing the top of the same table. Which initial intervention is best for the nurse to implement to help the client cope with anxiety related to this behavior? A) Administer a prescribed PRN antianxiety medication. B) Assist the client to identify stimuli that precipitates the ritualistic activity. C) Allow time for the ritualistic behavior, then redirect the client to other activities. D) Teach the client relaxation and thought stopping techniques.

Initially, the nurse should allow time for the ritual (C) to prevent anxiety. (A) may help reduce the client's anxiety, but will not prevent ritualistic behavior resulting from the client's ineffective coping ability. (B) is a long-term goal of individual therapy, but is not directly related to controlling the behavior at this time. (D) lists techniques that can be used to assist the client in learning new ways of interrupting obsessive thoughts and resulting ritualistic behavior as treatment progresses. Correct Answer(s): C

29. A male client is admitted to a mental health unit on Friday afternoon and is very upset on Sunday because he has not had the opportunity to talk with the healthcare provider. Which response is best for the nurse to provide this client? A) Let me call and leave a message for your healthcare provider. B) The healthcare provider should be here on Monday morning. C) How can I help answer your questions? D) What concerns do you have at this time?

It is best for the nurse to call the healthcare provider (A) because clients have the right to information about their treatment. Suggesting that the healthcare provider will be available the following day (B) does not provide immediate reassurance to the client. The nurse can also implement offer to assist the client (C and D), but the highest priority intervention is contacting the healthcare provider. Correct Answer(s): A

17. An 86-year-old female client with Alzheimer's disease is wandering the busy halls of the extended care facility and asks the nurse, "Where should I stand for the parade?" Which response is best for the nurse to provide? A) Anywhere you want to stand as long as you do not get hurt by those in the parade. B) You are confused because of all the activity in the hall. There is no parade. C) Let us go back to the activity room and see what is going on in there. D) Remember I told you that this is a nursing home and I am your nurse.

It is common for those with Alzheimer's disease to use the wrong words. Redirecting the client (using an accepting non-judgmental dialogue) to a safer place and familiar activities (C) is most helpful because clients experience short-term memory loss. (A) dismisses the client's attempt to find order and does not help her relate to her surroundings. (B) dismisses the client and may increase her anxiety level because it merely labels the client's behavior and offers no solution. It is very frustrating for those with Alzheimer's disease to "remember," and scolding them (D) may hurt their feelings. Correct Answer(s): C

10. The nurse observes a female client with schizophrenia watching the news on TV. She begins to laugh softly and says, "Yes, my love, I'll do it." When the nurse questions the client about her comment she states, "The news commentator is my lover and he speaks to me each evening. Only I can understand what he says." What is the best response for the nurse to make? A) What do you believe the news commentator said to you? B) Let's watch news on a different television channel. C) Does the news commentator have plans to harm you or others? D) The news commentator is not talking to you.

It is imperative that the nurse determine what the client believes she heard (A). The idea of reference may be to hurt herself or someone else, and the main function of a psychiatric nurse is to maintain safety. (B) is acceptable, but it is best to determine the client's beliefs. (C) is validating the idea of reference, while (D) is challenging the client. Correct Answer(s): A

67. A nurse working in the emergency room of a children's hospital admits a child whose injuries could have resulted from abuse. Which statement most accurately describes the nurse's responsibility in cases of suspected child abuse? A) The nurse should obtain objective data such as x-rays before reporting suspicions to the authorities. B) The nurse should confirm any suspicions of child abuse with the healthcare provider before reporting to the authorities. C) The nurse should report any case of suspected child abuse to the nurse in charge. D) The nurse should note in the client's record any suspicions of child abuse so that a history of such suspicions can be tracked.

It is the nurse's legal responsibility to report all suspected cases of child abuse. Notifying the charge nurse starts the legal reporting process (C). Correct Answer(s): C

6. The parents of a 14-year-old boy bring their son to the hospital. He is lethargic, but responsive. The mother states, "I think he took some of my pain pills." During initial assessment of the teenager, what information is most important for the nurse to obtain from the parents? A) If he has seemed depressed recently. B) If a drug overdose has ever occurred before. C) If he might have taken any other drugs. D) If he has a desire to quit taking drugs.

Knowledge of all substances taken (C) will guide further treatment, such as administration of antagonists, so obtaining this information has the highest priority. (A and B) are also valuable in planning treatment. (D) is not appropriate during the acute management of a drug overdose. Correct Answer(s): C

50. A client who is known to abuse drugs is admitted to the psychiatric unit. Which medication should the nurse anticipate administering to a client who is exhibiting benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms? A) Perphenazine (Trilafon). B) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl). C) Chlordiazepoxide (Librium). D) Isocarboxazid (Marplan).

Librium (C), an antianxiety drug, as well as other benzodiazepines, are used in titrated doses to reduce the severity of abrupt benzodiazepine withdrawal. (A) is an antipsychotic agent. (B) is an antihistamine and antianxiety drug. (D) is an MAO inhibitor. Correct Answer(s): C

56. When preparing a teaching plan for a client who is to be discharged with a prescription for lithium carbonate (Lithonate), it is most important for the nurse to include which instruction? A) It may take 3 to 4 weeks to achieve therapeutic effects. B) Keep your dietary salt intake consistent. C) Avoid eating aged cheese and chicken liver. D) Eat foods high in fiber such as whole grain breads.

Lithium's effectiveness is influenced by salt intake (B). Too much salt causes more lithium to be excreted, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of the drug. Too little salt causes less lithium to be excreted, potentially resulting in toxicity. (A, C, and D) are not specific instructions pertinent to teaching about lithium carbonate (Lithonate). Correct Answer(s): B

69. A client is receiving substitution therapy during withdrawal from benzodiazepines. Which expected outcome statement has the highest priority when planning nursing care? A) Client will not demonstrate cross-addiction. B) Co-dependent behaviors will be decreased. C) Excessive CNS stimulation will be reduced. D) Client's level of consciousness will increase.

Substitution therapy with another CNS depressant is intended to decrease the excessive CNS stimulation that can occur during benzodiazepine withdrawal (C). (A, B, and D) are all appropriate outcome statements for the client described, but do not have the priority of (C). Correct Answer(s): C

33. Which statement about contemporary mental health nursing practice is accurate? A) There is one approved theoretical framework for psychiatric nursing practice. B) Psychiatric nursing has yet to be recognized as a core mental health discipline. C) Contemporary practice of psychiatric nursing is primarily focused on inpatient care. D) The psychiatric nursing client may be an individual, family, group, organization, or community.

Mental health nursing is not only concerned with one-on-one interactions. Psychiatric stressors can impact and be reflected in the overall direction, activities, and responses involving families, groups, and entire communities (D). (A, B, and C) are incorrect statements about the status of mental health nursing. Correct Answer(s): D

38. The nurse is assessing the parents of a nuclear family who are attending a support group for parents of adolescents. According to Erikson, these parents who are adapting to middle adulthood should exhibit which characteristic? A) Loss of independence. B) Increased self-understanding. C) Isolation from society. D) Development of intimate relationships.

Middle adulthood is characterized by self-reflection, understanding, and acceptance (B), and generativity or guidance of children. (A and C) are maladaptive behaviors in middle adulthood. Although middle-aged adults may delay or re-establish intimate relationships, (D) is initially developed during young adulthood. Correct Answer(s): B

53. A client is admitted with a diagnosis of depression. The nurse knows that which characteristic is most indicative of depression? A) Grandiose ideation. B) Self-destructive thoughts. C) Suspiciousness of others. D) A negative view of self and the future.

Negative self-image and feelings of hopelessness about the future (D) are specific indicators for depression. (A and/or C) occurs with paranoia or paranoid ideation. (B) may be seen in depressed clients, but are not always present, so (D) is a better answer than (B). Correct Answer(s): D

72. A client who has been admitted to the psychiatric unit tells the nurse, "My problems are so bad that no one can help me." Which response is best for the nurse to make? A) How can I help? B) Things probably aren't as bad as they seem right now. C) Let's talk about what is right with your life. D) I hear how miserable you are, but things will get better soon.

Offering self shows empathy and caring (A), and is the best of the choices provided. Combining the first part of (D) with (A) would be the best response, but this is not a fill-in-the-blank or an essay test! Choose the best of those choices provided and move on. (B) dismisses the client, things are bad as far as this client is concerned. (C) avoids the client's problems and promotes denial. "I hear how miserable you are" is an example of reflective dialogue and would be the best choice if it were not for the rest of the sentence--"but things will get better" which is offering false reassurance. Correct Answer(s): A

13. Which diet selection by a client who is depressed and taking the MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine sulfate (Parnate) indicates to the nurse that the client understands the dietary restrictions imposed by this medication regimen? A) Hamburger, French fries, and chocolate milkshake. B) Liver and onions, broccoli, and decaffeinated coffee. C) Pepperoni and cheese pizza, tossed salad, and a soft drink. D) Roast beef, baked potato with butter, and iced tea.

Only (D) contains no tyramine. Tyramine in foods interacts with MAOI in the body causing a hypertensive crisis which is life-threatening, and Parnate is classified as an MAOI antidepressant. Some items in (A, B, and C) contain tyramine and would not be permitted for a client taking Parnate. Correct Answer(s): D

42. On admission to a residential care facility, an elderly female client tells the nurse that she enjoys cooking, quilting, and watching television. Twenty-fours after admission, the nurse notes that the client is withdrawn and isolated. It is best for the nurse to encourage this client to become involved in which activity? A) Clean the unit kitchen cabinets. B) Participate in a group quilting project. C) Watch television in the activity room. D) Bake a cake for a resident's birthday.

Peer interaction in a group activity (B) will help to prevent social isolation and withdrawal. (A, C, and D) are activities that can be accomplished alone, without peer interaction. Correct Answer(s): B

1. A male client with schizophrenia who is taking fluphenazine decanoate (Prolixin decanoate) is being discharged in the morning. A repeat dose of medication is scheduled for 20 days after discharge. The client tells the nurse that he is going on vacation in the Bahamas and will return in 18 days. Which statement by the client indicates a need for health teaching? A) When I return from my tropical island vacation, I will go to the clinic to get my Prolixin injection. B) While I am on vacation and when I return, I will not eat or drink anything that contains alcohol. C) I will notify the healthcare provider if I have a sore throat or flu-like symptoms. D) I will continue to take my benztropine mesylate (Cogentin) every day.

Photosensitivity is a side effect of Prolixin and a vacation in the Bahamas (with its tropical island climate) increases the client's chance of experiencing this side effect. He should be instructed to avoid direct sun (A) and wear sunscreen. (B, C, and D) indicate accurate knowledge. Alcohol acts synergistically with Prolixin (B). (C) lists signs of agranulocytosis, which is also a side effect of Prolixin. In order to avoid extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), anticholinergic drugs, such as Cogentin, are often prescribed prophylactically with Prolixin. Correct Answer(s): A

46. A child is brought to the emergency room with a broken arm. Because of other injuries, the nurse suspects the child may be a victim of abuse. When the nurse tries to give the child an injection, the child's mother becomes very loud and shouts, "I won't leave my son! Don't you touch him! You'll hurt my child!" What is the best interpretation of the mother's statements? The mother is A) regressing to an earlier behavior pattern. B) sublimating her anger. C) projecting her feelings onto the nurse. D) suppressing her fear.

Projection is attributing one's own thoughts, impulses, or behaviors onto another--it is the mother who is probably harming the child and she is attributing her actions to the nurse (C). The mother may be immature, but (A) is not the best description of her behavior. (B) is substituting a socially acceptable feeling for an unacceptable one. These are not socially acceptable feelings. The mother may be suppressing her fear (D) by displaying anger, but such an interpretation cannot be concluded from the data presented. Correct Answer(s): C

51. A 35-year-old male client on the psychiatric ward of a general hospital believes that someone is trying to poison him. The nurse understands that a client's delusions are most likely related to his A) early childhood experiences involving authority issues. B) anger about being hospitalized. C) low self-esteem. D) phobic fear of food.

Psychotic clients have difficulty with trust and have low self-esteem (C). Nursing care should be directed at building trust and promoting positive self-esteem. Activities with limited concentration and no competition should be encouraged in order to build self-esteem. (A, B, and D) are not specifically related to the development of delusions. Correct Answer(s): C

21. A 30-year-old sales manager tells the nurse, "I am thinking about a job change. I don't feel like I am living up to my potential." Which of Maslow's developmental stages is the sales manager attempting to achieve? A) Self-Actualization. B) Loving and Belonging. C) Basic Needs. D) Safety and Security.

Self-actualization is the highest level of Maslow's development stages, which is an attempt to fulfill one's full potential (C). (B) is identifying support systems. (C) is the first level of Maslow's developmental stages and is the foundation upon which higher needs rest. Individuals who feel safe and secure (D) in their environment perceive themselves as having physical safety and lack fear of harm. Correct Answer(s): A

54. A woman brings her 48-year-old husband to the outpatient psychiatric unit and describes his behavior to the admitting nurse. She states that he has been sleepwalking, cannot remember who he is, and exhibits multiple personalities. The nurse knows that these behaviors are often associated with A) dissociative disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) panic disorder. D) post-traumatic stress syndrome.

Sleepwalking, amnesia, and multiple personalities are examples of detaching emotional conflict from one's consciousness, which is the definition of a dissociative disorder (A). (B) is characterized by persistent, recurrent intrusive thoughts or urges (obsessions) that are unwilled and cannot be ignored, and provoke impulsive acts (compulsions) such as handwashing. (C) is an acute attack of anxiety characterized by personality disorganization. (D) is re-experiencing a psychologically terrifying or distressing event that is outside the usual range of human experience, such as war, rape, etc. Correct Answer(s): A

15. The nurse is assessing a client's intelligence. Which factor should the nurse remember during this part of the mental status exam? A) Acute psychiatric illnesses impair intelligence. B) Intelligence is influenced by social and cultural beliefs. C) Poor concentration skills suggests limited intelligence. D) The inability to think abstractly indicates limited intelligence.

Social and cultural beliefs (B) have significant impact on intelligence. Chronic psychiatric illness may impair intelligence (A), especially if it remains untreated. Limited concentration does not suggest limited intelligence (C). Difficulties with abstractions are suggestive of psychotic thinking (D), not limited intelligence. Correct Answer(s): B

65. A 72-year-old female client is admitted to the psychiatric unit with a diagnosis of major depression. Which statement by the client should be of greatest concern to the nurse and require further assessment? A) I will die if my cat dies. B) I don't feel like eating this morning. C) I just went to my friend's funeral. D) Don't you have more important things to do?

Sometimes a client will use an analogy to describe themselves, and (A) would be an indication for conducting a suicide assessment. (B) could have a variety of etiologies, and while further assessment is indicated, this statement does not indicate potential suicide. Normal grief process differs from depression, and at this client's age peer/cohort deaths are more frequent, so (C) would be within normal limits. (D) is an expression of low self-esteem typical of depression. (B, C, and D) are examples of decreased energy and mood levels which would negate suicide ideation at this time. Correct Answer(s): A

49. The nurse is planning care for a 32-year-old male client diagnosed with HIV infection who has a history of chronic depression. Recently, the client's viral load has begun to increase rather than decrease despite his adherence to the HIV drug regimen. What should the nurse do first while taking the client's history upon admission to the hospital? A) Determine if the client attends a support group weekly. B) Hold all antidepressant medications until further notice. C) Ask the client if he takes St. John's Wort routinely. D) Have the client describe any recent changes in mood.

St. John's Wort, an herbal preparation, is an alternative (nonconventional) therapy for depression, but it may adversely interact with medications used to treat HIV infection (C). The nurse's top priority upon admission is to determine if the client has been taking this herb concurrently with HIV antiviral drugs, which may explain the rise in the viral load. Asking about (A or D) may be helpful in gathering more data about the client's depressive state, but these issues do not have the priority of (C). (B) may be harmful to the client. Correct Answer(s): C

12. The nurse is planning discharge for a male client with schizophrenia. The client insists that he is returning to his apartment, although the healthcare provider informed him that he will be moving to a boarding home. What is the most important nursing diagnosis for discharge planning? A) Ineffective denial related to situational anxiety. B) Ineffective coping related to inadequate support. C) Social isolation related to difficult interactions. D) Self-care deficit related to cognitive impairment.

The best nursing diagnosis is (A) because the client is unable to acknowledge the move to a boarding home. (B, C, and D) are potential nursing diagnoses, but denial is most important because it is a defense mechanism that keeps the client from dealing with his feelings about living arrangements. Correct Answer(s): A

31. A female client with depression attends group and states that she sometimes misses her medication appointments because she feels very anxious about riding the bus. Which statement is the nurse's best response? A) Can your case manager take you to your appointments? B) Take your medication for anxiety before you ride the bus. C) Let's talk about what happens when you feel very anxious. D) What are some ways that you can cope with your anxiety?

The best response is to explore ways for the client to cope with anxiety (D). The nurse should encourage problem-solving rather than dependence on the case manager (A) for transportation. Strategies for coping with anxiety should be encouraged before suggesting (B). (C) is therapeutic, but the best response is an open-ended question to explore ways to cope with the anxiety. Correct Answer(s): D

22. A male client with mental illness and substance dependency tells the mental health nurse that he has started using illegal drugs again and wants to seek treatment. Since he has a dual diagnosis, which person is best for the nurse to refer this client to first? A) The emergency room nurse. B) His case manager. C) The clinic healthcare provider. D) His support group sponsor.

The case manager (B) is responsible for coordinating community services, and since this client has a dual diagnosis, this is the best person to describe available treatment options. (A) is unnecessary, unless the client experiences behaviors that threaten his safety or the safety of others. (C and D) might also be useful, but it is most important at this time that a treatment program be coordinated to meet this client's needs. Correct Answer(s): B

26. The nurse observes a client who is admitted to the mental health unit and identifies that the client is talking continuously, using words that rhyme but that have no context or relationship with one topic to the next in the conversation. This client's behavior and thought processes are consistent with which syndrome? A) Dementia. B) Depression. C) Schizophrenia. D) Chronic brain syndrome.

The client is demonstrating symptoms of schizophrenia (C), such as disorganized speech that may include word salad (communication that includes both real and imaginary words in no logical order), incoherent speech, and clanging (rhyming). Dementia (A) is a global impairment of intellectual (cognitive) functions that may be progressive, such as Alzheimer's or organic brain syndrome (D). Depression (C) is typified by psychomotor retardation, and the client appears to be slowed down in movement, in speech, and would appear listless and disheveled. Correct Answer(s): C

34. A 40-year-old male client diagnosed with schizophrenia and alcohol dependence has not had any visitors or phone calls since admission. He reports he has no family that cares about him and was living on the streets prior to this admission. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which stage is the client in at this time? A) Isolation. B) Stagnation. C) Despair. D) Role confusion.

The client is in Erikson's "Generativity vs. Stagnation" stage (age 24 to 45), and meeting the task includes maintaining intimate relationships and moving toward developing a family (B). (A) occurs in young adulthood (age 18 to 25), (C) occurs in maturity (age 45 to death), and (D) occurs in adolescence (age 12 to 20). These are all stages that occur if individuals are not successfully coping with their psychosocial developmental stage. Correct Answer(s): B

25. A client, who is on a 30-day commitment to a drug rehabilitation unit, asks the nurse if he can go for a walk on the grounds of the treatment center. When he is told that his privileges do not include walking on the grounds, the client becomes verbally abusive. Which approach should the nurse use? A) Call a staff member to escort the client to his room. B) Tell the client to talk to his healthcare provider about his privileges. C) Remind the client of the unit rules. D) Ignore the client's inappropriate behavior.

The client is trying to engage the nurse in a dispute. Ignoring the behavior (D) provides no reinforcement for the inappropriate behavior. (A) is not necessary unless the client becomes a physical threat to the nurse. (B) would be inappropriate, because it is referring the situation to the healthcare provider and is not in keeping with good health team management. Consistent limits must be established and enforced. (C) would subject the nurse to more verbal abuse because the client could use any response as an excuse to attack the nurse once again. Correct Answer(s): D

73. A 52-year-old male client in the intensive care unit who has been oriented suddenly becomes disoriented and fearful. Assessment of vital signs and other physical parameters reveal no significant change and the nurse formulates the diagnosis, "Confusion related to ICU psychosis." Which intervention is best to implement? A) Move all machines away from the client's immediate area. B) Attempt to allay the client's fears by explaining the etiology of his condition. C) Cluster care so that brief periods of rest can be scheduled during the day. D) Extend visitation times for family and friends.

The critical care environment confronts clients with an environment which provides stressors heightened by treatment modalities that may prove to be lifesaving. These stressors can result in isolation and confusion. The best intervention is to provide the client with rest periods (C). (A) is not practical--the machinery is often lifesaving. The client is not ready for (B). Although family and friends (D) can provide a support system to the client, visits should be limited because of the critical care that must be provided. Correct Answer(s): C

66. The nurse is conducting discharge teaching for a client with schizophrenia who plans to live in a group home. Which statement is most indicative of the need for careful follow-up after discharge? A) Crickets are a good source of protein. B) I have not heard any voices for a week. C) Only my belief in God can help me. D) Sometimes I have a hard time sitting still.

The most frequent cause of increased symptoms in psychotic clients is non-compliance with the medication regimen. If clients believe that "God alone" is going to heal them (C), then they may discontinue their medication, so (C) would pose the greatest threat to this client's prognosis. (A) would require further teaching, but is not as significant a statement as (C). (B) indicates an improvement in the client's condition. (D) may be a sign of anxiety that could improve with treatment, but does not have the priority of (C). Correct Answer(s): C

41. A female client refuses to take an oral hypoglycemic agent because she believes that the drug is being administered as part of an elaborate plan by the Mafia to harm her. Which nursing intervention is most important to include in this client's plan of care? A) Reassure the client that no one will harm her while she is in the hospital. B) Ask the healthcare provider to give the client the medication. C) Explain that the diabetic medication is important to take. D) Reassess client's mental status for thought processes and content.

The most important intervention is to reassess the client's mental status (D) and to take further action based on the findings of this assessment. Attempting to reassure the client (A) is in effect arguing with the client's delusions and could escalate an already anxious situation. Collaborating about diabetic care (B and C) is not likely to help change the client's false beliefs. Correct Answer(s): D

2. A male client is admitted to the mental health unit because he was feeling depressed about the loss of his wife and job. The client has a history of alcohol dependency and admits that he was drinking alcohol 12 hours ago. Vital signs are: temperature, 100° F, pulse 100, and BP 142/100. The nurse plans to give the client lorazepam (Ativan) based on which priority nursing diagnosis? A) Risk for injury related to suicidal ideation. B) Risk for injury related to alcohol detoxification. C) Knowledge deficit related to ineffective coping. D) Health seeking behaviors related to personal crisis.

The most important nursing diagnosis is related to alcohol detoxification (B) because the client has elevated vital signs, a sign of alcohol detoxification. Maintaining client safety related to (A) should be addressed after giving the client Ativan for elevated vital signs secondary to alcohol withdrawal. (C and D) can be addressed when immediate needs for safety are met. Correct Answer(s): B

8. The community health nurse talks to a male client who has bipolar disorder. The client explains that he sleeps 4 to 5 hours a night and is working with his partner to start two new businesses and build an empire. The client stopped taking his medications several days ago. What nursing problem has the highest priority? A) Excessive work activity. B) Decreased need for sleep. C) Medication management. D) Inflated self-esteem.

The most important nursing problem is medication management (C) because compliance with the medication regimen will help prevent hospitalization. The client is also exhibiting signs of (A, B, and C); however, these problems do not have the priority of medication management. Correct Answer(s): C

3. The charge nurse is collaborating with the nursing staff about the plan of care for a client who is very depressed. What is the most important intervention to implement during the first 48 hours after the client's admission to the unit? A) Monitor appetite and observe intake at meals. B) Maintain safety in the client's milieu. C) Provide ongoing, supportive contact. D) Encourage participation in activities.

The most important reason for closely observing a depressed client immediately after admission is to maintain safety (B), since suicide is a risk with depression. (A, C, and D) are all important interventions, but safety is the priority. Correct Answer(s): B

7. The wife of a male client recently diagnosed with schizophrenia asks the nurse, "What exactly is schizophrenia? Is my husband all right?" Which response is best for the nurse to provide to this family member? A) It sounds like you're worried about your husband. Let's sit down and talk. B) It is a chemical imbalance in the brain that causes disorganized thinking. C) Your husband will be just fine if he takes his medications regularly. D) I think you should talk to your husband's psychologist about this question.

The nurse should answer the client's question with factual information and explain that schizophrenia is a chemical imbalance in the brain (B). (A) is a therapeutic response but does not answer the question, and may be an appropriate response after the nurse answers the question asked. Although (C) is likely true to some degree, it is also true that some clients continue to have disorganized thinking even with antipsychotic medications. Referring the spouse to the psychologist (D) is avoiding the issue; the nurse can and should answer the question. Correct Answer(s): B

45. A nurse working on a mental health unit receives a community call from a person who is tearful and states, "I just feel so nervous all of the time. I don't know what to do about my problems. I haven't been able to sleep at night and have hardly eaten for the past 3 or 4 days." The nurse should initiate a referral based on which assessment? A) Altered thought processes. B) Moderate levels of anxiety. C) Inadequate social support. D) Altered health maintenance.

The nurse should initiate a referral based on anxiety levels (B) and feelings of nervousness that interfere with sleep, appetite, and the inability to solve problems. The client does not report symptoms of (A) or evidence of (C). There is not enough information to initiate a referral based on (D). Correct Answer(s): B

20. A male client with schizophrenia tells the nurse that the voices he hears are saying, "You must kill yourself." To assist the client in coping with these thoughts, which response is best for the nurse to provide? A) Tell yourself that the voices are unreasonable. B) Exercise when you hear the voices. C) Talk to someone when you hear the voices. D) The voices aren't real, so ignore them.

The nurse should teach the client to use self-talk to disprove the voices (A). Although (B) may be helpful, the client's concrete thinking may make it difficult to understand this suggestion. Clients with schizophrenia have difficulty initiating interaction with others (C). Auditory hallucinations are often relentless, so it is difficult to ignore them (D). Correct Answer(s): A

9. At a support meeting of parents of a teenager with polysubstance dependency, a parent states, "Each time my son tries to quit taking drugs, he gets so depressed that I'm afraid he will commit suicide." The nurse's response should be based on which information? A) Addiction is a chronic, incurable disease. B) Tolerance to the effects of drugs causes feelings of depression. C) Feelings of depression frequently lead to drug abuse and addiction. D) Careful monitoring should be provided during withdrawal from the drugs.

The priority is to teach the parents that their son will need monitoring and support during withdrawal (D) to ensure that he does not attempt suicide. Although (A and C) are true, they are not as relevant to the parent's expressed concern. There is no information to support (B). Correct Answer(s): D

47. An anxious client expressing a fear of people and open places is admitted to the psychiatric unit. What is the most effective way for the nurse to assist this client? A) Plan an outing within the first week of admission. B) Distract her whenever she expresses her discomfort about being with others. C) Confront her fears and discuss the possible causes of these fears. D) Accompany her outside for an increasing amount of time each day.

The process of gradual desensitization by controlled exposure to the situation which is feared (D), is the treatment of choice in phobic reactions. (A and C) are far too aggressive for the initial treatment period and could even be considered hostile. (B) promotes denial of the problem, and gives the client the message that discussion of the phobia is not permitted. Correct Answer(s): D

61. A 46-year-old female client has been on antipsychotic neuroleptics for the past three days. She has had a decrease in psychotic behavior and appears to be responding well to the medication. On the fourth day, the client's blood pressure increases, she becomes pale and febrile, and demonstrates muscular rigidity. Which action should the nurse initiate? A) Place the client on seizure precautions and monitor carefully. B) Immediately transfer the client to ICU. C) Describe the symptoms to the charge nurse and record on the client's chart. D) No action is required at this time as these are known side effects of such drugs.

These symptoms are descriptive of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) which is an extremely serious/life threatening reaction to neuroleptic drugs (B). The major symptoms of this syndrome are fever, rigidity, autonomic instability, and encephalopathy. Respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, arrhythmias, and/or renal failure can result in death. This is an EMERGENCY situation, and the client requires immediate critical care. Seizure precautions (A) are not indicated in this situation. (C and D) do not consider the seriousness of the situation. Correct Answer(s): B

43. A male adolescent is admitted with bipolar disorder after being released from jail for assault with a deadly weapon. When the nurse asks the teen to identify his reason for the assault, he replies, "Because he made me mad!" Which goal is best for the nurse to include in the client's plan of care? The client will A) outline methods for managing anger. B) control impulsive actions toward self and others. C) verbalize feelings when anger occurs. D) recognize consequences for behaviors exhibited.

Those with bipolar disorder often exhibit poor impulse control, and the most important goal for this client at this time is to learn to control impulsive behavior (B) so that he can avert the social consequences related to such behaviors. (A, C, and D) are important goals, but they do not address the acute issue of impulse control, which is necessary to reduce the likelihood of harming self or others. Correct Answer(s): B

14. An elderly female client with advanced dementia is admitted to the hospital with a fractured hip. The client repeatedly tells the staff, "Take me home. I want my Mommy." Which response is best for the nurse to provide? A) Orient the client to the time, place, and person. B) Tell the client that the nurse is there and will help her. C) Remind the client that her mother is no longer living. D) Explain the seriousness of her injury and need for hospitalization.

Those with dementia often refer to home or parents when seeking security and comfort. The nurse should use the techniques of "offering self" and "talking to the feelings" to provide reassurance (B). Clients with advanced dementia have permanent physiological changes in the brain (plaques and tangles) that prevent them from comprehending and retaining new information, so (A, C, and D) are likely to be of little use to this client and do not help the client's emotional needs. Correct Answer(s): B