Psychoanalysis

reaction formation

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them

anal stage

Freud's pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bowel movements

genital stage

Freud's stage of psychosexual development when adult sexuality is prominent

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

concious

awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings

traits

characteristics that are inherited

id

driven by basic urges and desires

regression

go back to a more infantile stage

humanistic psychology

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

abraham maslow

humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth

unconcious

level of conciousness at which thoughts, wishes, and feelings are not retrievable to conscious awareness

erik erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

psychosexual stages

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

repression

pushes down unacceptable thought

personality inventories

questionnaires on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

denial

refuse to accept

rationalization

self justification

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

internal locus of control

the perception that one controls one's own fate

latency stage

(psychoanalysis) the fourth period (from about age 5 or 6 until puberty) during which sexual interests are supposed to be sublimated into other activities

phallic stage

(psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure

social-cognitive perspective

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Thematic Appreciation Test

A projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous picture of people.

archetypes

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.

oral stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth

the big five

The most active personality research topic and is the best approximation of the basic trait dimensions. Emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

projection

a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else

inferiority complex

a sense of personal inferiority arising from conflict between the desire to be noticed and the fear of being humiliated

psychoanalysis

a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders

collective unconcious

a store of concepts shared by all people

free association

a thought process in which ideas (words or images) suggest other ideas in a sequence

ego

compromises between id and superego

superego

conscience

sigmund freud

famous psychoanalyist - levels of consciousness, psychosexual

carl rogers

humanistic psychology; Contributions: founded client-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard,

preconcious

level of consciousness outside of awareness, contains memories and feelings that can be brought into the conciousness

alfred adler

neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: inferiority complex, organ inferiority; Studies: birth order influences personality

Carl Jung

neo-freudian, collective unconcious

hierarchy of needs

proposes that human motives may be ranked from the basic, physiological level through higher-level needs for safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization; until they are satisfied, the more basic needs are more compelling than the higher-level ones

defense mechanism

protective actions to reduce anxiety and distort reality

albert bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment

martin seligman

researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology

self-actualization

self fulfillment the realization of all ones potential and desire to become creative in the full sense if the world.

displacement

shifts anger to safer outlet

validity

the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.

rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive