psychology 1000 chapter 7 learning
classical conditioning
a neural stimulus becomes able to elicit a behavioural response due to its association with a stimulus that naturally produces the response. it is passive
systematic desensitization
a process used to produce extinction of phobic response through gradual exposure to the feared stimulus
learning
a relatively permanent change in behaviour based on experience
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to stimuli in similar ways. example when bitten by one dog a child may fear all dogs
ivan pavlov
example of classical conditioning
dishabituation
full strength recovery of habituated response in presence of a novel stimulus
variable ratio
unknown number of responses
neural reflexes
unlearned, involuntary, natural responses
behaviour modification theory
used to increase acceptable behaviours and decrease unacceptable ones
intrinsic motivation
a desire to preform a behaviour for its own sake
fixed ratio
a fixed number of responses
fixed interval
a fixed period of time
operant conditioning
a form of associative learning in which associations are made between operant behaviours. increased through reinforcement and decreased through punishment
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that naturally and automatically causes response
conditioned taste aversion
a unique form of classical conditioning where a previously neural stimulus elicits an aversive reaction after it is paired with something that produces illness (nausea)
conditioned stimulus
an initially neutral stimulus that after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a response
stimulus discrimination
an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the original stimuli
variable interval
an unknown variable of time
continuous reinforcement
behaviour is reinforced each time it occurs
john garcia
biological constraints on learning
craving
certain stimuli associated with use of reinforcing drugs come to elicit intense cravings for drugs
non-associative learning
change in unlearned behaviour with repeated exposure to the same stimulus
mirror neurons
discovered in the frontal lobe of monkeys
implicit learning
forms of learning that occur without obvious reinforcement
sensitization
increased response to repeated stimulus
insight learning
involves a sudden realization of a solution to a novel problem
associative learning
involves new connections between 2 things
negative punishemtn
involves removal of a desired stimulus. example getting your phone taken away
positive punishment
involves the presence of a adverse stimulus. example electric shock or spanking
secondary reinforcer
learned reinforcers through associations with primary reinforcers. example money or good grades
observational learning
learning by observing others. aka modeling
latent learning
learning that occurs without reinforcement and which is not expressed until there is an incentive to do so
higher-order conditioning
occurs when a new stimulus comes to elicit by its association with the conditioned stimulus that already produces a conditioned response
instinctive drift
over time animals abandon learning unnatural behaviours and revert to natural ones
spontaneous recovery
re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred
habituation
reduction in a behavioural response to a repeated stimulus
extinction
reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone
interval
reinforced after a period of time elapses
ratio
reinforced after number of responses
shaping
reinforcement procedure used to produce a desired response
intermitten/partial reinforcement
responses are not reinforced each time the behaviour occurs
law of effect
rewarded behaviour is stamped in and unrewarded behaviour is stamped out
primary reinforcer
satisfies biological needs. doesn't require learning. example food
positive reinforcer
strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after the response
negative reinforcer
strengthens a response by removing a stimulus after a response
conditioned response
the learned response to the conditioned stimulus
aquisition
the initial learning of the conditioned response by pairing of the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli
punishment
the process of decreasing the frequency of a behaviour
reinforcement
the process that increases the likelihood of a behaviour
unconditioned response
the reflexive response (unlearned) elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
mirrors in the brain
we appear biologically prepared to readily model the behaviours of others
filter stimuli
we learn to ignore unimportant stimuli and to attend to important ones