Psychology 101 Chapters 8-14 Exam 3 Study Guide Exam

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses instead on the ways in which children's cognitive development is influenced by the cultures. Key concepts in Vygotsky's theory include the zone of proximal development and scaffolding.

True

Mohe fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend Javier fails to submit his project, Mohe quickly assumes that Javier was too lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Mohe is demonstrating the ________.

actor-observer effect

Which of the following can sabotage the efforts of overweight people to maintain a slender profile?

adaptive thermogenesis

Which of these is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine?

adaptive thermogenesis

When Kanesha takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of ________.

an implicit social norm

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder does Daniella most likely suffer from?

anorexia nervosa

Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concepts of accommodation and _____________.

assimilation

Kendis and Cyra do not respond to every cry that their infant makes. They want their infant to grow up to be independent. Their infant is likely to develop which type of attachment with their parents?

avoidant

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of ________.

bulimia nervosa

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the ________.

bystander effect

Which aspect of attraction and love involves making the decision to enhance and maintain the relationship?

commitment

A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places a toy in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son starts searching for the toy. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?

object permanence

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by ________.

observation of other people acting aggressively

Cognitive theorists note that ________.

people are motivated to reduce tension

The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during __________.

prenatal development

According to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development in children, which involved difficulty with conservation tasks, is called ______________.

preoperational stage

Which of the following is one of Ekman's (1980) universal emotions?

surprise

Amaan is 21-years-old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?

the age of instability

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them?

the age of possibilities

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage of intimacy versus isolation is associated with which stage of life?

young adulthood

The elaboration likelihood model has three different factors that can change our attitudes.

False

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?

External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.

False

According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage.

False

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, consummate love is romantic love plus infatuation.

False

Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three major types of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and ambiguous/resistant attachment.

False

Altruism is a form of discrimination.

False

At the post-conventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures.

False

Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim.

False

In the context of altruism, people who are apathetic are more likely to help people in need.

False

Most parents suffer from empty-nest syndrome when their youngest child leaves home.

False

Research shows that children of authoritarian parents have greater self-reliance, self-esteem, social competence, and achievement motivation than other children.

False

The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.

False

Which of the following is true of crystallized intelligence?

It is shown more generally by vocabulary.

Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation?

It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted.

Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?

It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction.

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

Stereotypes about physically attractive people are positive.

Which of the following is one of the most common concerns about the Cannon-Bard theory?

The theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of children in the concrete operational stage?

They center on the motives of wrongdoers as well as on the amount of damage done when assigning blame.

Even though the accident happened directly in front of the crowd, no one called the authorities. This is an example of the bystander effect.

True

Groupthink can be averted if group leaders encourage members to remain skeptical about options and to feel free to ask probing questions and disagree with one another.

True

If you are reading this academic text, you are most likely in the emerging adulthood period of development. Emerging adulthood means roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans.

True

People are at the height of their cognitive powers during early adulthood.

True

Someone who does not run on the wrong side of the road because it's against the law is exhibiting which stage of moral reasoning?

conventional

After a long day of holiday shopping Ms. Jeyaraj was exhausted. The stores were absolutely packed with people and traffic was horrific. All she wanted to do now was sit in a quiet room in her house and read a book. This is best explained by which of the following theories?

drive-reduction theory

Kofi, a high school senior, is very clear that he wants to study medicine. He spends his summer volunteering at hospitals and studies very hard for all his tests. He subscribes to medical journals so that he does not miss out on developments in the medical field. Kofi is determined to study at Harvard Medical School. According to Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, Kofi is demonstrating ______________.

ego identity

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

establishment of close relationships

When Shaina is about to begin her speech in class, she notices that a few of her classmates are whispering among themselves. She becomes nervous that she might be boring to her audience and gets distracted. In this scenario, the presence of the classmates is not likely to facilitate her performance due to ________.

evaluation apprehension

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through ________.

extrinsic rewards

Lena is a mother of two. She has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives from the time her first child was born. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as the society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is demonstrating ________.

generativity

Which of these is an object, a person, or a situation that can satisfy a need or is desirable for its own sake?

incentive

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, children begin to assert control over the environment and strive to master adult skills when they are in the stage of __________.

initiative versus guilt

Ariel and Angel share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support without sexual feelings for each other. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates ________.

intimacy

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) ________.

intrinsic goal

Miguel and Tatiana are close friends from second grade. They share their feelings with each other, but they lack passion or commitment. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, Miguel and Tatiana's love is a form of ________.

liking

Which of the following is a state of deprivation?

need

Justice's boss tells them to report to work at 4:00 a.m. the next day. Justice is not happy about arriving at work at such an unusual hour, yet they do as they are told. In the context of social influence, their behavior is an example of ________.

obedience to authority