psychology 101 memory

Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) three-part memory model.

(look up diagram on google images) terms (in order L to R):sensory input, sensory storage, attention, short term storage, encoding, long term memory

whole report vs partial report

(look up graph examples on google images)

Which of the following strategies enhance long-term memory by using retrieval cues?

- Joe drinks coffee while he studies, so he buys a cup of coffee on his way to his exam - Jason practices his speech in the classroom where he will deliver it - Ellen visualizes the empty spots in her kitchen cupboards to recall her grocery list

How might false memories be constructed?

-A person may falsely remember that a word was part of a list, if it was related to words that were in the list. -A person may encode as true a story someone else tells about him. -An imagined event will form a mental image that may be later recalled as a real event.

Which of the following are characteristics of sensory storage?

-Each sense contributes to sensory storage. -Senses are available as a brief memory trace. -There are five different sensory stores.

José wants to do well on his final exam. What can he do to increase working and long-termmemory?

-Group concepts into meaningful units - Self test

characteristics of short term storage

-It has a limited memory span. -Information is maintained through rehearsal. -Information is available for 20 to 30 seconds. -

Which of the following are characteristics of long-term storage?

-It is relatively permanent. -It has almost limitless capacity.

Which of the following are examples of explicit memory?

-Recalling a conversation a person had with a friend -Recalling the directions to drive to a new friend's house -Recalling the rules for playing a card game

Which memory tasks would H.M. (Henry Molaison) and others with his type of memory deficit have trouble completing?

-Repeating a conversation he'd had after his surgery - Remembering a new bus route -Recalling he had met someone recently

Match each aspect of the memory process with its related task.

-auditory memory: Machala makes up a rhyming song to learn her chemistry formulas. -visual memory: Joseph looks up a word in a dictionary to learn how to spell the word. -maintenance rehearsal: Maria repeatedly uses flash cards to learn vocabulary definitions. -elaborative rehearsal: Nina relates the new knitting pattern to something she had learned previously.

Match each type of memory distortion with its corresponding example.

-flashbulb memory: Jimmy retold a detailed story of how the tornado passed right by his house. -Misattribution: Owen wrote a poem, but later discovered it was actually parts of two famous poems -memory bias: After the passing of her father, jane tended only to recall the positive experiences that she had shared with him -suggestibility: Mary grew up hearing stories of the great blizzard. She remembered walking home in this blizzard until she discovered that the blizzard occurred before she was born

Match each task with its corresponding memory type.

-long-term storage: After two weeks of self-testing, a student recalls information for a cumulative final exam. -short-term storage: While looking idly out the car window, a man sees an interesting bird and begins to pay attention -sensory memory: A person drives by a store and glances at the clothes for sale in the window -working memory: A person repeats a phone number until he enters it into his contact list

In which of the following ways do schemas help a person encode and retrieve information?

-organize the information -process the information -use the information -perceive the information

Jason made index cards on a textbook chapter and always studied them in the same order. During the exam, he was able to recall the information on his first and last index cards, but not the ones in the middle. Which of the following explain why Jason was not able to recall the information from the middle of the chapter?

-primary effect -recency effect

Which of the following are examples of implicit memory?

-remembering how to tie a particular kind of knot -remembering how to paint a ceiling -forgetting you saw a movie advertisement but wanting to go see the movie

Which of the following strategies can increase one's short-term or long-term memory span?

-using working memory -elaborative rehearsal -chunking

classical conditioning

Classical conditioning refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus. ex.When the lightning flashed, the child covered his ears, expecting the thunder to follow.

episodic memory

Episodic memory is a category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences. ex.Sami recalled the events of the music festival she attended.

procedural memory

Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. ex.Although she had not played in years, Paula played and won at Ping-Pong.

semantic memory

Semantic memory refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. ex.Andrew lectured on the components of a newspaper article.

Match each brain area with the type of information it processes or stores.

amygdala: Learning to feel afraid when you hear ominous string music hippocampus: Learning your way around a new city temporal lobe: Remembering the plot of a book you read cerebellum: An experienced chef chopping an onion prefrontal cortex: Repeating a phone number until you can write it down

elaborative rehearsal

connecting new information to long-term memories

Match each memory principle with its example. context dependent: Method of loci: state dependent:

context dependent: Tara always did her homework in her classroom and performed well on a subsequent essay exam in the same classroom. Method of loci: Keaton increased his recall when learning the structures of the brain by visualizing them as different rooms of a house. state dependent: Melissa was calm when studying but anxious when taking the exam; she could not recall some of the information.

absentmindedness

encoding failure from lack of attention example: Talking with a student after class, the professor forgot his briefcase in the classroom.

Match each name of the memory process with the appropriate step in studying for an exam.

encoding: reading and studying your textbook attention: intentionally focusing on your textbook storage: maintaining information until you take a test retrieval: recalling the definition of a key term from your memory

tip of the tongue phenomenon

example: Jeanne could remember where the restaurant was and the menu items but not the name of the place.

Match each brain area with the correct choice based on whether it is activated when a memory of going to a musical performance is formed, or when it is both formed and remembered.

forming a memory: temporal lobe hippocampus Forming and recalling a memory: auditory cortical areas visual cortical areas

blocking

inability to retrieve needed information example: Paige knew her friend's phone number, but she couldn't remember it.

schema

long-term memory structures

persistence

remembering things one wants to forget

Match each type of memory failure with its corresponding example.

retroactive inference: Caroline recently changed her computer password and could not recall her old password.retroactive interference Correct label: tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Chad could picture the movie actress and the first letter of her name, but he temporarily forgot her name. proactive inference: Erin took four years of French in high school. On her first college exam in Italian, she could only recall the French words

Match each type of memory failure with its corresponding example.

retrograde amnesia: Brett sustained a concussion in a football game and could not recall the events of the day prior to the concussion. anterograde amnesia: After his brain tumor was removed, Kendrick could not remember any new information presented in school.

maintenance rehearsal

rote repetition