Psychology 110 - Chapter 1 - Exam 1

A. social psychologists

The research questions that concern _____ include understanding and working to reduce racial prejudice and determining whether two heads really are better than one. A. social psychologists B. paleontologists C. podiatrists D. physical therapists

controlling, changing

In addition, psychologists are often interested in ___________ or ________ *behavior*, and they use scientific methods to examine interventions that might help- for example, techniques that might reduce violence or promote happiness.

D. functionalism

In psychology, William James was highly influential in developing the school of thought known as A. psychodynamics B. behaviorism C. structuralism D. functionalism

D. introspection

In the context of structuralism as a perspective of psychology, the primary research method used was A. hypnosis B. psychoanalysis C. natural selection D. introspection

C. Structuralism

In which early school of thought in psychology did researchers ask participants to think about what was going on mentally as various events took place? A. Behaviorism B. Functionalism C. Structuralism D. Humanism

C. sport psychologist

Which of the following psychologists would most likely be interested in studying the personalities of athletes and what makes them different from nonathletes? A. cognitive psychologist B. psychoanalyst C. sport psychologist D. psychopathogist

C. critical thinking

_____ is the process of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence. A. subjectivity B. creative thinking C. critical thinking D. selective wisdom

emotion

______ researchers delve into topics including the physiological and brain processes that underlie emotional experience, the role of emotional expression in health, and the possibility that emotions are universal

A. evolutionary

____________ psychologists believe that their approach provides an umbrella that unifies the diverse fields of psychology. A. Evolutionary B. Psychodynamic C. Industrial D. Cognitive

Physiology

a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (such as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved

Biology

a branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes

positive psychology

a branch of psychology that emphasizes human strengths

health psychology

a multidimensional approach to human health that emphasizes psychological factors, lifestyle, and the nature of the healthcare delivery system

stream of consciousness

a person's thoughts and conscious reactions to events, perceived as a continuous flow; term introduced by William James

evolutionary approach

an approach to psychology focusing on evolutionary ideas such as *adaptation*, *reproduction*, and *natural selection* as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors

biological approach

an approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system- neuroscience

cognitive approach

an approach to psychology focusing on the mental processes involved in *knowing*: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems

behavioral approach

an approach to psychology focusing on the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants -reject explanations; referencing thought

B. psychodynamic

Nineteen-year-old Steve is extremely antisocial. He often gets into trouble with the law and is unable to hold on to any part-time job for long. His best friend is determined to find out about his childhood because she believes that his experiences as a child will help explain his adjustment problems as an adult. In this scenario, his best friend's approach is most similar to the _____ approach to psychology. A. evolutionary B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. humanistic

sociocultural approach

an approach to psychology focusing on the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior -focuses on comparisons of behavior across countries and also on the behavior of individuals from different ethnic and cultural groups within a country

sport psychology

applies psychology's principles to improving sport performance and enjoying sport participation

Objectivity

applying the empirical method to learn about the world

physiological psychology

area of psychology in which the psychologists study the biological bases of behavior- thinking and memory

Behavior

everything we do that can be directly observed- two people kissing, a baby crying, a college student riding a motorcycle to campus

sensation and perception

focus on the physical systems and psychological processes that allow us to experience the world- to listen to a favorite song, see the beauty of a sunset

behavioral neuroscience

focuses on biological processes, especially the brain's role in behavior

Pseudoscience

information that is couched in scientific terminology but is not supported by sound scientific research- astrology

Curiosity

wanting to know what something is and why it is that way

health psychologists

what psychologists talk about health behavior as just a subset of behaviors that are relevant to physical health?

psychiatrist

A ______ is a medical doctor who specializes in treating people with abnormal behavior.

clinical

A ______ psychologist typically has a doctoral degree in psychology.

psychiatrist

A ______ treats patients with psychotherapy and *can prescribe drugs*

C. behavioral

A family therapist tells Mr. and Mrs. Johnson that they will have to take away some of their son's privileges if they want him to stop bullying his younger brother. In the context of psychological perspectives, the family therapist most likely follows the _____ approach to psychology. A. evolutionary B. cognitive C. behavioral D. psychodynamic

environmental psychology

the study of the interactions between people and their physical environment

Mental processes

the thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly

B. empirical method

Using the _____ means gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning. A. pseudoscientific method B. empirical method C. unskeptical method D. superfluous method

empirical method

Using the _________ ______ means gaining knowledge through the observations of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning.

critical thinking, skepticism, objectivity, curiosity

What are the *four attitudes* at the core of the *scientific approach*?

Biological, Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Sociocultural

What are the seven different approaches that represent the intellectual backdrop of psychological science?

practice/applied, research, teaching

What are the three careers in psychology?

cognitive psychologists

What psychologists are also interested in skills and abilities such as problem solving, decision making, expertise, and intelligence. sometimes called *experimental psychologists*

forensic psychologists

What psychologists are hired by legal teams to provide input about many aspects of trial, such as jury selection? Those with clinical training may also testify as experts in trial, such as when they are asked to evaluate whether a person is likely to be a danger to society.

clinical psychologists

What psychologists are interested in *psychopathology*- the scientific study of psychological disorders and the development of diagnostic categories and treatments for those disorders?

social psychologists

What psychologists are interested in the influence of groups on our thinking and behavior and in the ways that the groups to which we belong influences our attitudes?

physiological psychologists

What psychologists are interested in the physical processes that underlie mental operations such as thinking and memory; use animal models to examine such topics as the development of the nervous system?

community psychologists

What psychologists are practitioner scientists who provide accessible care for people with psychological problems; concerned with prevention?

cross-cultural psychologists

What psychologists compare the nature of psychological processes in different cultures with a particular focus on whether psychological phenomena are universal or culture specific?

developmental psychologists

What psychologists concentrate on the biological and environmental factors that contribute to human development?

environmental psychologists

What psychologists explore the effects of physical settings in most major areas of psychology, including perception, cognition, learning, development, abnormal behavior, and social relations?

counseling psychologists

What psychologists sometimes work with people to help solve practical problems in life?

Clinical psychologists

What psychologists specialize in studying and treating psychological disorders?

health psychologists

What psychologists study the role of stress and coping in people's lives? -may work in *physical* or *mental health* areas

personality psychologists

What psychologists study topics such as traits, goals, motives, genetics, personality development, and well-being; are interested in those aspects of your psychological makeup that make you uniquely you?

school psychologists

What psychologists test children, make recommendations about educational placement, and collaborate on educational planning teams in elementary and secondary school systems?

educational psychologists

What psychologists work at colleges and universities, teach classes, and do research on teaching and learning?

organizational psychology

What psychology examines the social influences in organizations, as well as organizational leadership?

industrial psychology

What psychology is referred to as *personnel psychology* and main concerns are personnel matters and human resource management?

clinical and counseling psychologists

What two psychologists diagnose and treat people with psychological problems?

December 1879

When was the birth of modern psychology?

C. A characteristic can be passed from one generation to the next without being recorded in the genes.

Which of the following is NOT true of the principle of natural selection proposed by Darwin? A. Some members of a species are born with specific genetic mutations that help them adapt to a particular change in the environment. B. When there is a change in the environment, the species with a characteristic that helps it to adapt to the change will survive. C. A characteristic can be passed from one generation to the next without being recorded in the genes. D. A species that produces many offspring will survive.

C. a woman drives to work

Which of the following is an example of a behavior? A. A man imagines that he is a bat. B. A student remembers an answer to a question. C. A woman drives to work. D. An old man forgets his birthday.

A. Health psychologists study the roles of stress and coping in people's lives.

Which of the following is true about health psychology? A. Health psychologists study the roles of stress and coping in people's lives. B. Health psychologists work in the area of mental health only. C. Health psychology is a one-dimensional approach to human health. D. Health psychology focuses primarily on psychological disorders.

Wilhelm Wundt

-a German philosopher, physician, physiologist, and professor that integrated philosophy and the natural sciences to create the academic discipline of psychology. -known as one of the founders of modern psychology -Established 1st psychology lab. -Measured the time lag between the instant a person heard a sound and the moment he or she pressed a telegraph key to signal having heard it. -Tried to measure the time it took the human brain and nervous system to translate information into action. -Developed the approach of *structuralism*

William James

-an American philosopher and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the US -labeled as the *"Father of American psychology"* -developed the approach of *functionalism*

Charles Darwin

-an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution -In *1859*, published his ideas in *On the Origin of Species* -psychology and evolution -natural selection

John Watson

-behaviorist -believed that psychology should primarily be scientific observable behavior -argued that a child's environment is the factor that shapes behaviors over their genetic makeup or natural temperament

B.F. Skinner

-behaviorist -emphasized that psychology should be about what people do- their actions and behaviors- and should not concern itself with things that cannot be seen, such as thoughts, feelings, and goals -believed that rewards and punishments determine our behavior

James' functionalism

-functions/purposes of the mind -mind's interactions with outside world -did not believe in the existence of rigid structures in the mind -saw the mind as flexible and fluid, characterized by constant change in response to a continuous natural flow of information/thought known as *"stream of consciousness"*

David Buss

-notable evolutionary psychologist -argues that just as evolution molds our physical features, such as body shape, it also influences our decision making, level of aggressiveness, fears, and mating patterns

evolutionary psychologists

-psychologists that believe their approach provides an umbrella that unifies the diverse fields of psychology -argue that the way we adapt is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environment

Wundt's structuralism

-structures of the mind -introspection

Sigmund Freud

-the founding father of the *psychodynamic approach*, theorized that early relationships with parents shape an individual's personality -his theory was the basis for the therapeutic technique that he called *psychoanalysis*, which involves an analyst's unlocking a person's unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about his or her childhood memories, as well as the individual's dreams, thoughts, and feelings

clinical

A _____ psychologist generally *cannot prescribe medication*.

B. behavioral

Annette is an adolescent with extreme social anxiety. Dr. Benson's treatment plan for Annette focuses on rewarding her whenever she takes a step toward conquering her fears. In this scenario, Dr. Benson adheres most closely to the _____ approach to psychology. A. cognitive B. behavioral C. psychodynamic D. sociocultural

science

As a _______, psychology uses systematic methods to observe human behavior and draw conclusions.

C. industrial

Bianco Inc. is struggling with the low productivity and high turnover of its employees. Management at Bianco consults Edward, a psychologist, who suggests that the lack of recreational opportunities at Bianco is a probable reason for the dissatisfaction among its employees. In this scenario, Edward's area of specialization most likely is _____ psychology. A. cognitive B. clinical C. industrial D. personality

natural selection

Darwin's principle of an evolutionary process in which organisms that are better adapted to their environment will survive and produce more offspring

C. motivation and emotion

Diane, a psychologist, is examining the intrinsic factors that make Stella ambitious and passionate about accomplishing her goals but make Cameron indifferent to the goals assigned to him. In this scenario, Diane's research fits best into the area of specialization known as A. behavioral psychology B. forensic psychology C. motivation and emotion D. sensation and perception

D. social

Dr. Ames is a scientist whose focus of research is on the way groups influence the decisions that individuals make. In the context of areas of specialization in psychology, Dr. Ames is most likely a _____ psychologist. A. health B. personality C. developmental D. social

A. behavioral neuroscience

Dr. Lane is monitoring the levels of specific chemicals in the human brain to see their effects on the development of psychosis in individuals. Dr. Lane's study fits best into the area of A. behavioral neuroscience B. social psychology C. structuralism D. pseudoscience

C. socioculturalist

Elixir Inc. has a recruitment policy that favors hiring people from minority groups. To ensure that its diverse workforce helps rather than hinders business development, Elixir is seeking the guidance of a psychologist. Keeping its needs in mind, Elixir will most likely hire a A. psychotherapist B. neuroscientist C. socioculturalist D. psychoanalyst

functionalism

James' approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment

C. She has been promised a reward if she initiates contact with another person

Katherine, a socially inhibited teenager, has always been withdrawn and isolated at her rehabilitation center. However, one day she voluntarily initiates and maintains a conversation with another teenager. Which of the following explanations is most applicable to her behavior in the context of the behavioral approach? A. She has finally recognized her need for affiliation. B. She is using a defense mechanism. C. She has been promised a reward if she initiates contact with another person. D. She has been prescribed a drug that makes her less socially awkward.

Western philosophy, Biology, Physiology

Psychology is rooted in and grew out of the traditions of:

motivation

Scientists who study ______ address research questions such as how individuals persist to attain a difficult goal and how rewards affect the experience of motivation.

C. school

Teresa, a 15-year-old, has problems with adjustment. She is distracted and restless in class and very resistant to authority. A consultant psychologist administers an intelligence test to Teresa and discovers that Teresa's adjustment problems are because she has an extremely high IQ. In this scenario, Teresa has been most likely tested by a(n) _____ psychologist. A. evolutionary B. environmental C. school D. educational

B. behavioral

The _____ approach to psychology emphasizes the scientific study of observable responses and their environmental determinants. A. humanistic B. behavioral C. psychodynamic D. evolutionary

describe, predict, explain

The goals of psychological science are to ________, _______, and _______ behavior.

C. introspection

The method of study used by Wilhelm Wundt and his collaborators to discover the basic elements, or "structures," of mental processes was A. psychonautics B. natural selection C. introspection D. psychoanalysis

psychology of women, gender

Those researchers studying the ______ __ ____ consider the psychological, social, and cultural influences on women's development and behavior. Psychologists are also interested in understanding the broad topic of ______ and the way in which our biological sex influences our ideas about ourselves as men and women.

A. a researcher documents his subject's description of an experience

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the method of introspection used by Wilhelm Wundt? A. A researcher documents his subject's description of an experience. B. A scientist asks her subject to remember and recall a list of words. C. A scientist observes rats in a maze to see how fast they learn to find their way out. D. A researcher attributes a species' characteristics to natural selection.

D. Functionalism was about the "why" of the mind; structuralism was about the "what" of the mind.

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between structuralism and functionalism in early psychology? A. Functionalism focused on the elements of the mind; structuralism focused on the purpose of thoughts. B. Functionalism focused on the functions of the mind; structuralism focused on the functions of behavior. C. Functionalism relied on introspection; structuralism relied on a stream of consciousness. D. Functionalism was about the "why" of the mind; structuralism was about the "what" of the mind.

B. They view the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system.

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive psychologists? A. They stress that people lack the ability to control their lives. B. They view the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system. C. They emphasize that people are simply controlled by the environment in which they live. D. They believe that humans are purely motivated by external rewards.

D. It relies entirely on a person's conscious reflection.

Which of the following statements is true of introspection as a method of study? A. It is considered a pseudoscience. B. It is used by functionalists to prescribe medication to patients. C. It is effective as a scientific method if performed in an uncontrolled laboratory setting. D. It relies entirely on a person's conscious reflection.

D. They cannot be observed directly.

Which of the following statements is true of mental processes? A. Each of us experiences them publicly. B. They are considered to be pseudoscientific. C. They are the same as behaviors. D. They cannot be observed directly.

B. a social psychologist

Which of the following types of psychologists is likely to be most interested in noting the reactions of the audience in a theater when a fire alarm goes off? A. a developmental psychologist B. a social psychologist C. an industrial psychologist D. an evolutionary psychologist

Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner

Who are the three notable behaviorists?

Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

Who are two notable humanistic theorists?

C. functionalism

William James, a prominent American psychologist and philosopher, focused on human interactions with the outside world and the purpose of thoughts. His view is known as A. psychoanalysis B. behaviorism C. functionalism D. structuralism

structuralism

Wundt's approach to discovering the basic elements, or structures, of mental processes; so called because of its focus on identifying the structures of the human mind

psychodynamic approach

an approach to psychology focusing on *unconscious thought*, the *conflict between biological drives* (such as the drive for sex) *and society's demands*, and *early childhood family experiences*

humanistic approach

an approach to psychology focusing on a person's *positive qualities*, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny

industrial and organizational psychology

centers on the workplace—both the workers and the organizations that employ them

school and educational psychology

centrally concerns children's learning and adjustment in school

Skepticism

challenging whether a supposed fact is really true

community psychology

concentrates on improving the quality of relationships among individuals, their community, and society at large

developmental psychology

concerned with how people become who they are, from conception to death

personality psychology

considers personality, consisting of the relatively enduring characteristics of individuals

social psychology

deals with people's interactions with one another, relationships, social perceptions, social cognition, and attitudes

cognitive psychologists

psychologists that view the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system

cross-cultural psychology

the study of culture's role in understanding behavior, thought, and emotion

psychology of women and gender

stresses the integration of information about women with current psychological knowledge and beliefs and applies that information to society and its institutions

cognitive psychology

the broad name given to the field of psychology that examines attention, consciousness, information processing, and memory

introspection

the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes; systematic, detailed self-report

forensic psychology

the field of psychology that applies psychological concepts to the legal system

learning

the intricate process by which behavior changes in response to changing circumstances- researchers study this principle by using animals such as rats and pigeons

clinical and counseling psychology

the most widely practiced specialization in psychology

Critical thinking

the process of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence

philosophy

the rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge

Western philosophy

the rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge and the nature of thought and behavior, including the possible link between the mind and the body

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

neuroscience

the scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system, emphasizing that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion