Psychology 211

Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters? 1. "Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal. 2. Neurotransmitters have identical chemical structures that can fit into any receptor site. 3. "Loose" neurotransmitters are held by synapses before being released into the synaptic fluid. 4. Once released by the synaptic vesicles, all the molecules of a neurotransmitter find their way into receptor sites.

1. "Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal.

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is a conditioned response. 1. False 2. True

1. False

Which of these is a difference between long-term memory and short-term memory? 1. Long-term memory can store much more information. 2. Long-term memory decays rapidly if it is not rehearsed. 3. Long-term memory is not subject to interference. 4. Long-term memory deals with skills instead of language.

1. Long-term memory can store much more information.

Which part of the brain is important for touch, pressure, and pain? 1. Parietal lobe 2. Hippocampus 3. Occipital lobe 4. Temporal lobe

1. Parietal lobe

What does cognition mean? 1. Thought and knowledge 2. Social interaction 3. Brain activity 4. Competition for resources

1. Thought and knowledge

A drug will prevent an action potential if it ____. 1. blocks the movement of sodium across the membrane 2. blocks the movement of potassium across the membrane 3. increases the movement of sodium across the membrane

1. blocks the movement of sodium across the membrane

The key structural components of neurons are 1. cell body, dendrites, axon and terminals 2. cell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters. 3. axon, dendrites, and glands. 4. transmitters, dendrites, terminals and nodes of Ranvier.

1. cell body, dendrites, axon and terminals

The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called _____. 1. dendrites 2. sensory neurons 3. motor neurons 4. axons

1. dendrites

Damage to the temporal lobe makes the _____ more difficult. 1. object discrimination problem 2. landmark discrimination problem

1. object discrimination problem

An axon has many branches, each of which swells at its tip. These are known as ____. 1. presynaptic terminals 2. intrinsic neurons 3. efferent axons 4. afferent axons

1. presynaptic terminals

All of the following are associated with the Atkinson and Shiffrin in (1968) model of memory except... 1. spontaneous recovery 2. rehearsal 3. LTM 4. sensory store 5. retrieval

1. spontaneous recovery

The occipital lobe is 1. the part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located. 2. important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning. 3. where signals are received from the sensory system for touch. 4. important for language, memory, hearing, and vision.

1. the part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located.

Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT 1. the structure of individual neurons. 2. patterns of blood flow in the brain. 3. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus. 4. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks. 5. if the brain has been damaged.

1. the structure of individual neurons.

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? 1. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. 2. All of the above. 3. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. 4. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

2. All of the above.

What is an advantage of fMRI in comparison to PET scans? 1. An fMRI requires no electrical or chemical equipment. 2. An fMRI does not expose the brain to radioactivity. 3. An fMRI can be used without asking for informed consent. 4. An fMRI provides detailed information about axons, dendrites, and cell bodies.

2. An fMRI does not expose the brain to radioactivity.

In classical conditioning a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response in the animal that had not been previously elicited by any stimulus. 1. True 2. False

2. False

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur; whereas negative reinforcers decrease behavior. 1. True 2. False

2. False

One reversible figure can be seen either as a vase or as two profiles looking toward each other. Which Gestalt principle does this observation illustrate? 1. Proximity 2. Figure and ground 3. Continuation 4. Similarity

2. Figure and ground

What is meant by "working memory"? 1. Memory that is working properly 2. Information you are working with at the moment 3. Memory about how to perform a type of work 4. Memory that requires much work to recall

2. Information you are working with at the moment

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are 1. mode 1, mode 2 and mode 3. 2. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. 3. recall, recognition and working memory. 4. sensory memory, iconic memory, implicit memory.

2. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

How could you extinguish a classically conditioned response? 1. Wait a long time without further training. 2. Stop providing positive reinforcement. 3. Repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus alone. 4. Repeatedly present the unconditioned stimulus followed by a shock.

3. Repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus alone.

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" referred to the capacity of which of these? 1. Sensory memory 2. Procedural memory 3. Short-term memory 4. Episodic memory

3. Short-term memory

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of 1. The Neuron Doctrine 2. cortical association. 3. localization of function. 4. Doctrine of specific nerve energies 5. the information processing approach.

3. localization of function.

What do EEG, PET, and fMRI measure? 1. the mind 2. Mental illness 3. a person's aura 4. brain activity

4. brain activity

A mental conception or representation of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n) 1. spatial imprinting 2. mental model. 3. memory trace 4. cognitive map.

4. cognitive map.

In the context of operant conditioning, the removal of a pleasant stimulus is known as__________. 1. positive punishment 2. negative reinforcement 3. positive reinforcement 4. negative punishment

4. negative punishment

Donders' measurement of reaction time is particularly important because it demonstrated the "time course" on which the mind operates. Donders found that it took ______ to decide which of two 1. buttons to push in response to a stimulus. 2. more than five seconds 3. between one and two seconds 4. two to five seconds 5. less than one second

5. less than one second

​An early model of memory indicates that incoming information is first handled by "sensory" memory, is then moved to "short term" memory, and finally is pushed into "long-term" memory. This model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, is an example of a(n) ________ model of memory. 1. iconic ​2. information processing ​3. structural equation 4. triarchic ​5. idiographic 6. orthogonal

​2. information processing

Several experiments showed that short-term memory fades rapidly unless it is rehearsed. One possible explanation is decay. What is another likely explanation? 1. Interference 2. Repression 3. Confabulation 4. Chunking

1. Interference

Your memory of the names of the planets is an example of what? 1. Episodic memory 2. Implicit memory 3. Procedural memory 4. Declarative memory

4. Declarative memory

A synapse is 1. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. 2. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. 3. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons. 4. the gap that separates two different neurons.

4. the gap that separates two different neurons.

Which type of memory is tested by a multiple choice exams?

Recognition

Which of the following is NOT one of the Gestalt principles of perception? 1. Similarity 2. Continuation 3. Adaptation 4. Closure

3. Adaptation

Action potentials occur in the 1. synapse. 2. cell body. 3. axon. 4. myelin 5. nucleus

3. axon.

Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain? 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal

4. Temporal

Which of the following statements best describes the "Likelihood principle"? 1. Everything happens for a reason 2. Seeing is believing 3. The whole is more than the sum of its parts 4. We perceive the world the way we expect it to be

4. We perceive the world the way we expect it to be

As a general rule, axons convey information ____. 1. toward dendrites of their own cell 2. toward their own cell body 3. to surrounding glia 4. away from their own cell body

4. away from their own cell body

The insulating material that covers many vertebrate axons is called the ____. 1. cell body or soma 2. dendrite 3. presynaptic terminal 4. myelin sheath

4. myelin sheath

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with 1. Alzheimer's disease. 2. Broca's aphasia. 3. Wernicke's aphasia. 4. prosopagnosia.

4. prosopagnosia.

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another? 1. A chemical process takes place in the synapse. 2. An electrical process takes place in the receptors. 3. Action potentials travel across the synapse. 4. The end of one neuron makes direct contact with the receiving end of another neuron.

1. A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

The tendency to interpret drawings as simple and symmetrical represents which Gestalt principle? 1. Good figure 2. Continuation 3. Common fate 4. Proximity

1. Good figure

Short-term memory has which of the following characteristics? 1. It can hold only a small amount of information. 2. It is stored in the muscles, not the brain. 3. It is synonymous with implicit memory. 4. It lasts less than a second.

1. It can hold only a small amount of information.

A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of 1. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces. 2. a feature detector that fires specifically to that face. 3. a group of neurons that all respond only to that face. 4. a receptor in the retina that responds when the face is present.

1. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.

Behaviorists in the mid-1900s concentrated mostly on studying what? 1. Emotional expressions 2. Animal learning 3. Unconscious thought processes 4. Children's language development

2. Animal learning

Brain-imaging techniques such as CAT, PET, and MRI can be used to do the following (check all that apply). 1. Visualize the morphology of individual neurons. 2. Compare relative activity of multiple brain regions simultaneously. 3. Determine the size and location of brain tumors or other damage. 4. Determine which areas of the brain are activated during cognitive tasks (Example: Which areas are activated when solving math problems?) 5. Examine the structural interconnectivity of brain cells in specific regions. 6. Determine patterns of cerebral blood flow in living, conscious humans.

2. Compare relative activity of multiple brain regions simultaneously. 3. Determine the size and location of brain tumors or other damage. 4. Determine which areas of the brain are activated during cognitive tasks (Example: Which areas are activated when solving math problems?) 6. Determine patterns of cerebral blood flow in living, conscious humans.

All of the following terms are related to cognitive psychology. (to be true ALL 7 items must be related; to be false 1 or more items must not be related to cognitive psychology) attention, thinking, decision making, information processing, heuristics, logarithms, psycholinguistics, memory 1. True 2. False

2. False

At the resting potential, the potassium channels are completely closed and the sodium channels are almost closed. 1. True 2. False

2. False

For what is Wilhelm Wundt famous? 1. He wrote a psychology textbook that was the best seller in the United States for decades. 2. He established the world's first laboratory for psychological research. 3. He was Sigmund Freud's first patient. 4. He was the first to demonstrate the importance of genetics in human behavior.

2. He established the world's first laboratory for psychological research.

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? 1. In classical conditioning, the animal must move its skeletal muscles. 2. In classical conditioning, the animal's responses do not control the reinforcements. 3. In classical conditioning, the animal learns rapidly but also forgets rapidly. 4. In classical conditioning, the animal receives rewards instead of punishments.

2. In classical conditioning, the animal's responses do not control the reinforcements.

In positive and negative reinforcement, what is the distinction between positive and negative? 1. It depends on whether something is presented or avoided. 2. It depends on whether a behavior is strengthened or weakened. 3. It depends on whether the reinforcement is larger or smaller than usual. 4. It depends on whether the reinforcement is pleasant or unpleasant.

2. It depends on whether a behavior is strengthened or weakened.

Which of the following was one of the founders of behaviorism? 1. Jim B. Watson 2. John B. Watson 3. Alfred Binet 4. Sigmund Freud

2. John B. Watson

Research on human perception leads to this conclusion: 1. People are well aware of all the factors that influence their perceptions. 2. Perception is an inference we make about what the objects really are. 3. More information goes from the brain to the eyes than from the eyes to the brain. 4. Perception simply repeats all the information on the retina.

2. Perception is an inference we make about what the objects really are.

The action potential of a neuron depends mostly on what movement of ions? 1. Potassium ions leaving the cell 2. Sodium ions entering the cell 3. Sodium ions leaving the cell 4. Potassium ions entering the cell

2. Sodium ions entering the cell

Behaviorists avoid research on thought and knowledge. Why? 1. They believe that unconscious thought is more important than conscious thought. 2. They believe questions about unobservable processes are unanswerable. 3. They believe that all psychological research should rely on brain measurements. 4. They believe we already understand thought and knowledge well enough.

2. They believe questions about unobservable processes are unanswerable.

What does cognition mean? 1. Brain activity 2. Thought and knowledge 3. Competition for resources 4. Social interaction

2. Thought and knowledge

What has been the goal of behaviorism? 1. To understand the differences between conscious and unconscious thought 2. To find basic laws of behavior, analogous to the laws of physics 3. To teach people to cooperate for the betterment of all 4. To understand how genetic differences guide behavioral development

2. To find basic laws of behavior, analogous to the laws of physics

Santiago Ramón y Cajal used special staining techniques to reveal that the brain is composed of individual cells. 1. False 2. True

2. True

Researchers using PET or fMRI find that a certain brain area becomes highly active while people are frightened. Later they measure activity in that area for many people, and identify the people with the highest activity. What, if anything, can we conclude about those people based on this evidence? 1. Those people have a tendency to become frightened easily. 2. We cannot draw any of these conclusions. 3. Those people were frightened at the time of the measurement. 4.Those people were excited in some other way at the time of the measurement.

2. We cannot draw any of these conclusions.

Gestalt psychology emphasizes which of the following? 1. Much of our visual perception depends on neurons with feature detector properties. 2. We perceive a pattern as a whole, not just as the sum of its parts. 3. Several brain areas control different aspects of visual perception. 4. Genetic differences influence how people perceive their surroundings.

2. We perceive a pattern as a whole, not just as the sum of its parts.

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as 1. psychotic memory. 2. echoic memory. 3. dichotic memory. 4. iconic memory.

2. echoic memory.

The main point of the Donders' reaction time experiments was to 1. determine differences in the way people react to stimuli. 2. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision. 3. show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences. 4. show that reaction times can be measured accurately.

2. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

Which of the following psychologists is known for his research on operant conditioning in rats and pigeons? 1. Ivan Pavlov 2. John Watson 3. B.F. Skinner 4. Wilhelm Wundt

3. B.F. Skinner

If you wanted to look at an image of the activity in a particular brain region during a short term memory test, which method below would be the best brain imaging technique for your research study? 1. LIVE scan 2. X-Ray 3. PET scan 4. EEG 5. CAT scan

3. PET scan

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles? 1. Figure-Ground 2. Common Fate 3. Simplicity 4. Contiguity

3. Simplicity

The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was 1. Ivan Pavlov 2. Hermann von Helmholtz. 3. Wilhelm Wundt. 4. Phillip Zimbardo 5. Sigmund Freud 6. John Watson

3. Wilhelm Wundt.

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as 1. neuroscience. 2. neuropsychology. 3. cognitive neuroscience. 4. cognitive psychology.

3. cognitive neuroscience.

Brain imaging has made it possible to 1. brain imaging has not made any of these things possible. 2. determine how neurons generate electrical impulses. 3. determine the location of the mind. 4. cure many diseases of the brain. 5. identify previously unknown neurotransmitters.

3. determine the location of the mind.

Top-down processing is to _________________ as bottom up processing is to __________________. 1. the whole; the parts 2. seeing; believing 3. knowledge and expectation; incoming raw data 4. experience; reality

3. knowledge and expectation; incoming raw data

Santiago Ramon y Cajal demonstrated that ____. 1. action potentials follow the all-or-none law 2. at rest, the neuron has a negative charge inside its membrane 3. neurons are separate from one another 4. neurons communicate at specialized junctions called synapses

3. neurons are separate from one another

Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, or__________, on the cell receiving a message. 1. synapse 2. nucleus 3. receptor site 4. myelin sheath

3. receptor site

Information remains in sensory memory for 1. 1-3 minutes. 2. as long as it is rehearsed. 3. seconds or a fraction of a second. 4. 15-30 seconds.

3. seconds or a fraction of a second.

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding. 1. divergence 2. specificity 3. sparse 4. distributed

3. sparse

According to cognitive psychologists, _____. 1. people are most likely to imitate behaviors that are inconsistent with their values 2. the changes caused by learning fully determine an organism's behavior 3. the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior 4. learning is a temporary change in behavior

3. the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

Which of these is an example of procedural memory? 1. Remember the names of the parts of a bicycle 2. Remember the first bicycle you had as a child 3.Remember how to ride a bicycle 4. Remember the price of the last bicycle you bought

3.Remember how to ride a bicycle

What is a "top-down" approach to visual perception? 1. First focusing on the details and then putting them together 2. Starting with brain activity and proceeding to the muscles 3. Asking the leader of each group of people to decide what the others will view 4. Applying expectations to guide interpretation of vision

4. Applying expectations to guide interpretation of vision

____ respond to a particular feature of a stimulus. 1. Hypercomplex cells 2. Shape detectors 3. Magnocellular cells 4. Feature detectors

4. Feature detectors

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning? 1. It involves attaching consequences to behavior. 2. It is a complex form of learning that uses reinforcement. 3. It focuses on what organisms do about their environments. 4. It is involuntary, automatic learning.

4. It is involuntary, automatic learning.

PET or fMRI records the activity of various brain areas during a task. Before we can draw conclusions about those brain areas, what other information do we need? 1. Recordings from the rest of the body during the original task 2. Recordings of the experimenter's comments during the procedure 3. Recordings of the participant's comments after the procedure 4. Recordings from the same areas during a comparison task

4. Recordings from the same areas during a comparison task

What is meant by negative reinforcement? 1. Reinforcement for doing nothing 2. Presenting a weaker than average reinforcement 3. Giving something undesirable to decrease behavior 4. Reinforcement by removing a negative stimulus

4. Reinforcement by removing a negative stimulus

Watson's experiments with "Little Albert" demonstrated the following 1. The unconscious mind learns faster than the conscious mind. 2. A fear learned as an infant will persist into adulthood. 3. Behaviorism's theories were superior to Structuralist theories. 4. Some fears have a learned component. 5. Learning through conditioning is harder for infants than it is for adults.

4. Some fears have a learned component.

People hear a tone, followed by a puff of air to the eyes. Soon, they blink their eyes when they hear the tone. What are the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response? 1. The tone is the conditioned stimulus and the puff of air is the conditioned response. 2. The puff of air is the conditioned stimulus and blinking is the conditioned response. 3. The puff of air is the conditioned stimulus and the tone is the conditioned response. 4. The tone is the conditioned stimulus and blinking is the conditioned response.

4. The tone is the conditioned stimulus and blinking is the conditioned response.

Neurons typically have one ____, but many ____. 1. dendrite; axons 2. cell body; axons 3. dendrite; cell bodies 4. axon; dendrites

4. axon; dendrites

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the 1. size of the synapse. 2. firing rate of the neurotransmitters. 3. size of the action potentials. 4. firing rate of the action potentials.

4. firing rate of the action potentials.

The neuron doctrine is 1. in agreement with nerve net theory. 2. unrelated to nerve net theory. 3. synonymous with nerve net theory. 4. in disagreement with nerve net theory.

4. in disagreement with nerve net theory.

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be 1. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response. 2. measured directly. 3. measured by comparing responses among different participants. 4. inferred from the participant's behavior.

4. inferred from the participant's behavior.

STM is best described as 1. being phonological, 2. enduring, 3. largely unconscious, 4. limited duration,

4. limited duration,

According to the behaviorists, only the study of ________ should be the emphasis of the science of psychology. 1. consciousness 2. introspection 3. the mind 4. observable behavior

4. observable behavior

In operant conditioning, organisms learns because: 1. of genetically predetermined fixed action patterns. 2. punishment is more reinforcing than pleasure. 3. of involuntary associations formed between stimuli occurring close together in time. 4. of the consequences that immediately follow a behavior.

4. of the consequences that immediately follow a behavior.

Discovered in 1908 and is now a standard technique for detecting tumors and other brain abnormalities, ___________________________ is a brain imaging techniques that measures blood flow to regions of the brain during specific cognitive tasks? 1. Electroencephalography 2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 3. X-ray imaging 4. Computed tomography (CT) 5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Who discovered classical conditioning? 1. Piaget 2. Ebbinghaus 3. Skinner 4. Thorndike 5. Pavlov

5. Pavlov

Which type of memory is tested by an essay exam?

Recall

The three components in the Information Processing Model of memory in order are the ____________ , __________memory, and __________ memory.

Sensory Memory Long Term Memory Short Term Memory

The first​ formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city? ​1. Paris, France ​2. Baltimore, Maryland, USA ​3. Leipzig, Germany ​4. Madrid, Spain

​3. Leipzig, Germany