Psychology 450 ~ Exam #3

how many signs can apes learn?

around 100-150 (Penny Patterson think unlimited)

<1k

endangered

naturally infected (immune controlled and tolerated)

infected in research experiment, if uncontrolled —> SAIDS

HIV process

initial virus infection —> period of viral replication (then, latent) —> AIDS-related complex (ARC).....

Their studies concluded that the first transmission of SIV to HIV in humans took place around 1920 in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo).

oh yeah

What do people who are against animal research use as arguments?

the research is: -inhumane -irrelevant -redundant -unregulated (little to no actual support for this, high reg. in animal research) -"species-ist" (we are using animals for our own benefit)

1k-10k

threatened

still need a real cure and a vaccine

vaccine strategy requires the capacity to protect a healthy, previously uninfected host against infection

SIV in drill and red-eared guenon (Biko island) at lest 100,000 years old other retroviral infections in primates back millions of years ago

yep

endogenous retrovirus — ancient inserts in primate genome up to 8% of human genome reflect the idea that humans have been battling viruses for a long time

yep again

The same area is known for having the most genetic diversity in HIV strains than anywhere else, reflecting the number of different times SIV was passed to humans. Many of the first cases of AIDS were recorded there too.

you bet

how many neurons are in a baboons brain

~14 billion

how many neurons are in the chimp brain

~28 billion

How long have rocks been used by chimpanzees?

~4000 years -200 generations -is an example of passing on of cultural knowledge

how many neurons are in the human brain

~86 billion

Robert Yerkes, 1925

"Perhaps they can be taught to use their fingers, somewhat as does the deaf and dumb person, and thus helped to acquire a simple, nonvocal sign language" -led to use of American Sign Language (ASL)

William of Ockham - American Scientist

-"Ocham's Razor" -do not make it more complicated than it needs to be -influenced by the law of parsimony

Guenons

-"blue monkey" -eat bats -may have started marburg??

Wolfgang Kohler

-"insight learning" -Gestalt Psychology -argued that it is not just trial and error, but they have insights -they figure things out that don't involve reinforcements -example: chimpanzee studies, two boxes in a room with a banana out of reach, chimps appeared to think about the situation, then stack boxes; rather than random trial and error -The Mentality of Apes (1925)

Dali Lama

-"it depends upon their intentions" -this is how the prof. views research

Take-home messages about endangered/threatened species

-"think globally, act locally" -about half of the primate species fall into the categories of vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered -threatened species in all 16 families -10 families have more than 50% threatened

peer reared monkeys

-"together-together" -rarely ever separate; becomes an abnormal condition -there needs to be another animal that is present that will encourage the infant to explore the world -pretty ineffective overall

What percent of animal research is done on macaques?

-0.28%

What percent of animal research is done on other animals?

-0.80% on rabbits -almost none done with cats, dogs, pigs, and gerbils

how long have humans been present on Madagascar?

-1500 years

Laws against animal cruelty go back to the early 1800's, list some of them

-1824 - Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals -1866 - American society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) -Are animals sentient beings? do they have feelings?

Nancy Sulivan

-1997 -working on ebola vaccine, but could not get enough funding because there were limited numbers of people affected at the time

Malaria facts

-2013: 200 million cases per year, and 584,000 deaths -90% of deaths in Africa, 86% in children under 5 years old -protozoan parasite -many strains, including some that infect only monkeys and apes -most lethal type for humans is Plasmodium falciparum (also most infectious to NW monkeys) -Controversy: does it go back to human/ape separation? Or a more recent transmission from gorillas when agriculture started in Africa? Or possibly a recent transfer from a bonobo to humans?

how long is infancy in chimps?

-3-4 years

How many kids were in orphanages (in America) prior to 1950?

-300k in America

What percent of primates are endangered/threatened?

-48% of 630+ species

when is the juvenile stage for chimps?

-5-8 years

HIV in America

-500,000 people (Americans) have died since 1981 -over 1 million people currently living with disease -40,000 new cases per year

serotonin

-5HT -sleep/wake -common depression medication (anti-depressant)

What animals are used in research at UW-Madison?

-70% rodent -24% fish (zebra fish)

how long is pregnancy in chimps?

-8 months

What percent of people are Rh positive?

-85% ; (about 1 in 7 people are Rh negative)

Human brain

-87% of energy at birth -64% of energy at 2 years -44% of energy at 5 years -25% of energy in adult

What percent of animal research studies are conducted on rats and mice?

-95.65%

Peter Singer

-Animal Liberation (1975) -believes that one life equals another life -one rat equals one human -if we want to be ethical human beings, we must abide by this (hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha)

5 acts in 50 years between 1966 and 2013

-Animal Welfare Act (1966) - dogs/cats, USDA, records -Good Laboratory Practices (1977): NIH —> the Guide -Health Research Extensions (1985): ACUC, psych wellbeing (there needs to be proper caging, etc.) -ICCVAM Authorization (2000): alternative testing, 3 R's -CHIMP Act (2013): ending biomedical research with chimps (Europe had already passed a similar act)

brain language areas

-Broca's area (formulating speech) -Wernicke's (comprehending speech)

Romanian institutions

-Ceaucescu 1989 - 2% of children (100,000) were in state run orphanages and were in very depressed states -led to awareness of the importance of the first year of life (1940's, 50's, and 60's made us aware of this)

What are the replacements to animal testing and research?

-Cells and tissue culture testing to replace Draize Test and LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of animals) -computer modeling (simulations) -use humans instead of animals? (haha)

One person can make a difference

-Charles Southwick (census in India) -Jane Goodall (roots and shoots) -Birute Galdikas (orangutan rehabilitation) -Karen Strier (murique) -Anna Nekaris (slow loris) -Long Yongcheng (Yunnan golden monkey) -Rodrigue Katembo (Goldman Environmentalist Prize, 2017)

The Great Ape Project (1993)

-Declaration on Great Apes -Animal rights? human rights?

What did Hans Spitz study?

-Detachment

Lana

-Duane Rumbaugh

Gaylord Nelson

-Earth day -established in 1970

Governor and Senator Gaylord Nelson

-Earth day: 1970 -conservation everywhere

Object constancy

-Emil Menzel, Sally Boysten -are objects that are out of sight out of mind? (Piaget) -chimps finding objects in the real world that they watched be hidden on the TV (representation and object constancy)

social Darwinism

-George Romanes (1882) - Animal intelligence -empathy, altruism, insight versus just the Clever Hans effect -the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

The Bible provides some guidance on our relationship to animals and their care "we are instructed to be the shepherds"

-God gives to humans authority over all that was created on Earth -Genesis: and God said to them, be fruitful and multiply....

Jane Goodall

-Goodall institute - Roots and Shoots

Who originally studied sense of self in primates?

-Gordon Gallup

Where did HIV originate from?

-HIV spread in 1920's in the DR Congo -different HIV strains are now found in many different primates

Importance of tactile stimulation

-Harry Harlow (baby knows its mom by what is holds on to) -Konrad Lorenz (imprinting) -John Bowlby (attachment)

Dr. Frances Kelsey

-Headed FDA -opposed approval of Thalidomide for use during pregnancy without more testing in animals -Thereby preventing many birth defects in the US

ICCVAM (Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods) Authorization Act of 2000

-ICCVAM is an interagency committee of the government -provided guidelines for ways to test drugs -three R's (reduce the number of animals, refine testing, replace animals with non-animal systems or a less highly developed animal; ex: replace mouse with a fish) -ultimate goal: reduce the number of animals used in drug and safety testing

Charles Southwick

-India survey in 1958 -helped show gov't authorities that rhesus macaques were disappearing

educational programs

-Jane Goodall institute -Roots and Shoots (tries to get local people involved; replanting of trees)

Who came up with the theory of attachment?

-John Bowlby -"biological predisposition"

What are Wisconsin's connections to conservation?

-John Muir -Aldo Leopold -Gaylord Nelson -George Schaller -Karen Strier -Martha Robbins

Muriqui (wooly spider)

-Karen Strier -because of her efforts, their numbers have doubled

LANA Project

-LANguage Analogue -Duane Rumbaugh and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh -Lana was the name of the chimp as well -1971-1976; called the language use Yerkish

Congressional Acts

-Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (1966) -must identify source of dogs and cats -USDA - designated as the regulatory agency -required record keeping -mandated inspection of animal research facilities -Good laboratory practices act (1977); national institutes of health (NIH) -guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (1978)

Kanzi and Matala

-Matala was his adoptive mother, whom he watched try and use the lexigram starting when he was 9 months old

Parkinson's Disease

-Michael J. Fox is a big supporter..? -implanting stem cells to combat the disease may be a possible way forward

norepinephrine

-NE -arousal, depression -common depression medication (anti-depressant)

What can be done to preserve primates?

-National Parks; especially in areas of high species diversity such as Korup Park in the Cameroons, established in 1986 -protect habitat of most endangered species; in keeping with the efforts of the Nature Conservancy

do monkeys come to menopause in nature?

-No, but in captivity they will

Irene Pepperberg and Alex the Parrot

-RIP (1976-2007)

Rh(esus) blood factor

-Rh sensitization can occur during pregnancy if you are Rh-negative and pregnant with a developing baby (fetus) who has Rh-positive blood. ... But if you get pregnant again with an Rh-positive baby, the antibodies already in your blood could attack the baby's red blood cells.-injected rhesus monkey rbc's into rabbits and found they made antibody to the rbc's. Once immunized, the rabbits would then agglutinate human rbc. -in 1943, Phillip Levine reported rabbit's antibody response was similar to erythoblastsosis fettles in humans -Rh- mom, Rh+ baby --> can be deadly to baby?

David Premack

-Sarah the chimp (1967) -plastic symbols for concepts (same/different, larger/smaller, classes of objects; fruit, color)

Nicolelis M. (2013)

-Science translational med -monkey moves 'avatar' using brain-machine interface

Brain monoamine pathways (three of them)

-Serotonin -dopamine -norepinephrine

Alex Pacheco

-Silver Spring monkeys, 1981 -exposed inhumane parts of animal research -Lab of Edward Taub of Silver Spring, MD; studying deafferented sensory

Kanzi

-Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

Where is Kanzi located?

-The Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative in Des Moines, Iowa -230 acres of pristine Iowa woodland forest and prairie -two state of the art facilities -nearly 20 acres of combined ape accessible outdoor space -LEED certified building (green energy)

HIV

-The first 5 known cases of HIV in the US were reported in 1981 -more than 1,000,000 Americans have the virus today -first cases in US in 1980's -virus isolated by Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo

John Muir

-UW student back in 1864 -promoted the US National Park System

Gua (chimp infant) and David (human infant)

-W. and L. Kellog (1933) -tried to get baby chimp and baby son to communicate with each other by growing up together

Roger Fouts (1970-2007)

-Washoe dies in 2007 -Washington State University chimp facility closed in 2013

Zoonosis - what is a zoonotic disease?

-a disease that travels between animals and humans

Who was Imo, and what did she do?

-a juvenile Japanese Macaque -potato and wheat-washing (1956) -this knowledge first spread to other juvenile monkeys, then to their babies (old ones did not change prior ways) -cultural (aka: intergenerational) transmission of foraging behavior (now every Japanese Macaque does this)

Learning Set - "learning to learn" - Harry Harlow

-a series of 6 trials; the first demonstrates the rule for the remaining 5 trials of the set -OW monkeys, apes, and humans can do this -prosimians, NW monkeys cannot

when do most apes stop breastfeeding?

-a year ? (these stages last a year each) -the young ape hangs around until they are 8 or 9 years old

Older people and vaccines

-about 1/3 of people over 65 do not mount an effective immune response after being injected with a vaccine, such as a flu vaccine -booster vaccines may be used to cope with this

subadult

-adolescence -longer in males than in females

epigenetics

-affected by prenatal and early rearing stages of life -does not physically change the DNA, but changes how DNA is expressed -environments change how genes are regulated -methylated DNA and histones -example: if a young monkey is raised by a human in a nursery, you will induce an epigenetic change

Marburg Hemorrhagic Virus

-almost 100% fatal -first found in 1960's in a German lab -from wild animals to hunters to family to village to hospital

endangered species: deforestation

-amazon area is losing >5k ft/day -Costa Rica: used to be 95% forest, now 35%, but more aware -Slash and burn agriculture -lumbering for hard woods -dams for hydroelectric power

Chantek

-an orangutan (taught by human Lyn Miles) -was able to learn sign language

Different perspectives on animal treatmetn

-animal abuse -animal welfare -animal rights -animal liberation

Biomarkers of aging

-appearance -metabolic wear and tear (ex: regulation of blood sugar) -oxidative metabolism (you can slow down aging by reducing caloric intake) -illnesses of old age

Darwin

-argued that animals should be used in research -The London Times (1881)

when do old age symptoms start?

-around the time that they reach 20, the conditions start to become more prevalent -cataracts: doesn't happen in nature, by 30, they almost all have cataracts -cancer: more than half of the old aged monkeys have it

touch (tactile stimulation)

-associated with positive relationships (ex: mother-infant, and then all the way until old age) -ex: grooming (facilitates group cohesion, reconciliation, and reassurance after distress) -passive body contact:lowers heart rate, sleeping huddle

Olfactory

-associated with reliance on scent-marking in prosimians and NW monkeys -scent can come from oil glands, urine, fecal matter, even sneezing -especially present with vomeronasal system with direct connections to olfactory bulb and amygdala

Word recognition by letter pattern

-baboons could learn between 80-300 words from equivalent, random letter non-words -Grainger J (2012) Science -example: Clap vs. palc -GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

ambivalence stage

-baby is exploring, mother tries to hold them back

Old age is associated with....

-behavioral changes -physiological changes -cognitive changes -changes in disease morbidity -changes in mortality (age at death)

Vitamin A (accutane) for acne

-between 1982-87, 1,300 malformations, 7,000 elective abortions

Infancy in monkeys

-birth to 4-6 months of age -weaning leads to juvenile stage

Depressive - withdrawal

-body temperature decreases -brain norepinephrine increases -immune suppression

Neural requirements for language

-brain size >500 cc (this is the size of a gorilla and chimp?) -brain laterality is essential (different sides of brain do different things; almost all people are left hemisphere dominant; apes have this)

Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA)

-breakthrough in how to test monkeys (object discrim.) -object discrimination; can tell the difference between shapes and colors -oddity learning; three shapes, trying to get monkey to pick the odd one out

bifidobacteria lactobacilli

-breast milk has many positive benefits

chimp motivation to pant-hoot calls

-broadcast to the world that they are there -very first thing they do every morning -increases when neighboring chimps pant hoot more -decreases if there are distractions like good food present

examples of zoonotic diseases

-bubonic plague (bacteria) -influenza virus -Zika virus -yellow fever -malaria (protozoan parasite) -ebola virus (Marburg hemorrhagic virus) -SAIDS (simian AIDS); led to human AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

Global spread of Zika virus

-can now spread across the placenta and shuts down brain development -causes brain to be about 1/3 the size of normal

Cultural traditions (protoculture)

-can take various forms, not always useful (ex: Japanese Macaques play with rocks) -sometimes very functional (ex: chimps usually avoid caves, but some chimps are learning to go into the entrance to cool off on hot days; these are Savanna/woodland chimps that are on edge of forest near grasslands; Jill Pruetz)

what did J.B. Watson study?

-child development -"Let your behavior always be objective and kindly firm. Never hug and kiss them, never let them sit in your lap. If you must, kiss them once on the forehead when they say good night." -"Shake hands with them in the morning. Give them a pat on the head if they have made an extraordinarily good job of a difficult task."

Cleve Hicks

-chimp counter

<500k

-chimpanzee

Tetsuro Matsuzawa : University of Kyoto

-chimps are way better than humans -pattern recognition ? how do they do this ? we don't know -studying cognitive neuroscience and computational neuroscience

Pavlov - Russian

-classical conditioning -associating a response to something good or bad -meat, bell

Less than 500

-concerns about inbreeding

aging research in primates

-conducted at more than 20 years of age (typically 30-40 years of age) -geriatric illnesses -eyes = cataracts, presbyopia -bones = osteoporosis -brain = Alzheimer's, Parkinson's -immunity --> immune senescence, vaccine efficacy, cancer

Harry Harlow, what did he study?

-contact comfort in monkeys; baby monkeys attach to whatever they are holding on to -mother surrogate; contact comfort - tactile stimulation -what are the consequences of humans raising monkeys, and what are the attachment effects? -food vs. touch (contact comfort); using a wire mesh mom with milk bottle vs. cloth mom without milk; introduced adverse stimulation, the one that they monkey ran to was dubbed "mom"

Miguel Nicolelis

-control a robot arm or avatar image on screen with neuronal firing

-Marburg Hemorrhagic virus infection in monkeys

-cured with a monoclonal antibody -100% survival even with treatment a week after virus infection

Bowden Box

-curiosity as a motivational drive -argued that there was no ulterior motive or reinforcement for why monkeys would watch a train going around a track

Ruffed Lemur

-current population is only 35 individuals

age at puberty in seasonal breeding monkeys

-depends on when they were born -MBMBMBMB -the first time that they can potentially mate is 2.5 years old (usually happens with larger females) -males usually come to puberty around 3.5 years of age

What did Anna Frued study?

-detachment in orphans from WWII

Draize Test

-developed in 1944 -conducted to see if a substance is safe for your eyes -the effect on growth rates of microbes

fetal estrogen exposure to prevent miscarriage

-diethylstilberstrol (DES) : 1947-1971 -cervical/gyneological cancer in daughters

What did Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheney study?

-different calls by vervet to signal leopards, eagles, and snakes -FIRST demonstration that monkeys have specific auditory signals to specify certain things (similar to words)

Alexander Fleming and his discovery of penicillin

-discovered it in 1928 -Howard Florey, started to work on penicillin into a drug in 1935, but penicillin was not mass produced until WWII -shows that the relevance of a study or finding is not always immediately evident

Humane society

-does very little work with animals, only 1% of funds

interventions/treatments for old age

-drugs, vaccines -diet -supplementation

Ebola vaccine

-effectiveness tested first in monkeys -efficacy verified in human trial study

Emotionality

-emotional reactivity (sometimes over reactive, sometimes under reactive) -disinterest and aggressiveness -lack of empathy

endangered species: Education

-especially necessary in countries of origin -promoting the benefits of eco-tourism -dismantling myths about primates being pests

how many apes per year go into the pet trade and private zoos?

-estimated 3000

George Schaller - UW Zoology PhD

-ethologist (1933- ) -1963, the mountain gorilla

Genetic female

-exposed to androgen during fetal development -hermaphroditic (appearance, behavioral change, pubertal age, gynecological problems: 'polycystic ovarian syndrome' - PCOS)

Ways that chimps demonstrate intelligence

-fashion sticks for catching ants -use rocks to break open nuts -will make nests for themselves rather than simply sleeping on a branch or sleeping on the ground

when is puberty for chimps?

-female = 10-12 years old, this is when they emigrate, adolescent sterility -male = 11-13 years old, enter male dominance hierarchy (peak at 25 years old)

when is adulthood for chimps?

-female = 12-14 years old -male = 14 years old

when do most monkeys stop breastfeeding?

-final point is about 5-6 months -happens gradually

Washoe

-first signing chimpanzee -Allen and Beatrice Gardner (1966-1969) -taught to use about 130-150 gestures over the four year period -learned referents (come, give me) -2-3 sign sequences (go chase) -made up signs (water-bird for swan, drink-fruit for watermelon, cry-hurt-food for radish)

adult

-follows adolescence

Thalidomide

-for morning sickness -12,000 infants exposed, but only 12 in US -Frances Kelsey (head of USFDA at the time), said it was not a good idea, banned it in US and was honored afterwards

endangered species: ecological and natural disasters

-forest fires in orangutan habitat -salivation of Amboseli due to drought -Vietnam War

Who is Howard Temin

-found out that a critical enzyme is needed for replication (reverse transcriptase)

Types of visual communication signals for primates

-gestures, posture, color -body language (non verbal comm.) -natal coat -sexual dimorphism -species, age, hormone status -exaggeration of other signals (piloerection, bipedalism) -red is attractive

booster vaccines

-giving the vaccine twice brought the mounted immune response of elderly monkeys to the normal height of a young monkey that was only vaccinated once

Martha Robbins

-gorilla conservation -more recent gorilla research (Zoology PhD, 1996)

Koko

-gorilla taught by person Penny Patterson -learned sign language -prof. is skeptical of validity of Koko's abilities

abnormal behavior effects on immunity and how genes transcribe proteins

-gut bacteria and vulnerability to gut pathogens -epigenetic modifications

aged monkey

-happens more in captivity, where monkeys live longer -in nature, old aged monkeys die quickly

Who is Rodrigue Katembo?

-head of the park rangers at Virunga National Park in DR Congo -Goldman Environmental Prize (2017) -about 150 of his park rangers have been shot and killed

Protest (agitation, crying)

-heart rate, blood pressure both go up -cortisol goes up, brain chemistry is turned on -lasts a day or two

where did HIV come from?

-homosexual life style -biological warfare (CIA)? -errant vaccine trial? -actually, its a natural zoonotic disease; monkeys were also found with similar immunodeficiencies (simmian-IV)

Clever Hans and Wilhelm Von Osten

-horse in the early 1900's; carnival animal that was taken all around Germany and was claimed to be able to count, but it was actually just responding to the owner's facial expression -"beware of the Clever Hans" : it may seem like animals do amazing things, but maybe it isn't really what it seems to be

detachment

-hospitalization syndrome -infants seemed to look okay for first two months or so of life -curiosity started to fade after a few months (seemed to be entering depressed stage) -deprivation syndrome (failure to thrive)

-Rhesus monkeys can perform addition tasks

-humans are better than the monkeys -the ratio of right to wrong guesses "decays" in the same proportion for both monkeys and humans

Konrad Lorenz, what did he study?

-imprinting in birds (it was later found that hippos also do this, but baby monkeys do not really do this) -won a nobel prize for his studies -the birds imprinted on whatever they see visually when they are first born

How do we know what Zika virus is?

-in 1952, a guy took some rhesus monkeys and put them up in a tree over night to see what viruses they picked up from the mosquitos -was in Zika forest in Uganda

Yellow fever and howler monkeys

-in Brazil -literally thousands of howler monkeys are dying from this disease -monkeys can transmit it to humans

Establish or maintain national parks

-in areas of high species diversity -protect habitat of most endangered -connect fragmented forests with corridors -promote ecotourism (a model country is Costa Rica)

More facts about chimp life course

-in girls: after immigration, it takes about a year and a half before they get pregnant -live to about 35-40 years of age -males come to be alpha around 25 years of age -in captivity: live to 55-60 years of age -orangutans are pretty similar

What kinds of innate preferences and pre-set timings for learning do monkeys exhibit?

-infant preferences for its own species -can tell the difference between a male and female monkey even if not reared by female monkey -preference for adult females over adult males -age-appropriate emergence of fear reaction at developmental time point when the infant's responses to a threat face might matter

Ant dipping and termite fishing in chimpanzees

-initially the little ones do not do it, then they end up doing it more as they get older -usually start using stones around 3 years of age -reinforces that complicated behaviors are learned behaviors that are passed on to different generations of chimps -imitation, or purposefully teaching? -prof thinks it is more imitative -Goodall thinks it is more teaching

Wolfgang Kohler

-insight learning -Gestalt psychology

Health Research Extensions Act (1985)

-institutional animal care and use committees (ACUC); review and approve research protocols -exercise for dogs; psychological wellbeing for primates -one continuing issue has been to clarify the meaning of wellbeing (what is needed for environmental enrichment?) -social needs, infant rearing conditions, physical care structure, foraging opportunities -another challenge is to define distress

Ethical concerns

-is it ethical to conduct this type of research on infant animals? -what rationales should be required, and is it reasonable to follow typical scientific procedures, such as replication? -what type of regulatory oversight should be required? -is it "species-ism" and thus inhumane to study this topic in other animals? (what types of regulation would be necessary today, or, should we not do it at all?)

Why is the extended period of postnatal maturation important in humans?

-it allows them to develop more overall neurons -human brain is 24% of adult size at birth -monkey and chimp brains are 60% of adult size at birth

What is special about Iowa?

-it is the only place in the US where it is possible to work with bonobos (like Kanzi) -bonobos do NOT pant hoot, only chimps do this -it is currently illegal to do research on chimps in the US, but you can still research on bonobos (flaw in the system allows this)

why play?

-it's fun -to learn skills -socialization (friendship, how to fight, other skills) -behavioral plasticity -energy expenditure

Aldo Leopold - 1887-1948

-land stewardship -we are supposed to take care of the earth, we have a responsibility to do this

Aldo Leopold

-land stewardship -we ought to take care of the earth, what is our relationship to animals?

<100k

-langur species -proboscis, bonobo

other findings from that prior era of research

-learning performance not as good in human-reared monkey -innate preferences and pre-set timing for learning

Low motivation vs. poor performance

-less intelligent, or more emotional? -forest vs. urban rhesus monkeys (Sheo Singh)

What is the function of communication?

-long term benefits -reciprocal altruism (I help you this time, you help me next time) -protection of kin

abnormal behavior effects on brain neurochemistry

-low levels of norepinephrine -altered dopamine functioning -abnormal motivation and reward systems

the primary cause - deforestation

-lumbering for hard woods, and local needs for fire wood -local agriculture (slash/burn); agribusiness (palm oil) -dams on rivers in the tropics for electricity -hunting (revival of bush meat trade) -global warming (increasing drought, forest fires)

Which primates participate in communal rearing?

-marmosets and tamarins -keeping older primates around may result in them helping in infant development

Awareness of time

-memories of the past -sense of loss -anticipation of the future -if a dead body is present, then they are visibly upset, if the body is gone, then they don't show signs of remorse past one day of time -Jane Goodall; old matriarch Flo dies in 1972; her son, Flint, at 8.5 years of age dies one month later (possibility of him dying because of this grieving process)

Why is learning performance in human-reared monkeys not as good?

-mostly due to emotionality, not due to lower cognitive ability of the brain

rejection stage

-mother says enough, get outta here

Communication involves three things

-motivation -meaning -function

threat face

-motivation: tension, annoyance -meaning: dominance, displacement -function: convey aggression without fighting

George Schaller

-mountain gorilla conservation

dopamine abreviation

-movement, motivated behavior, drug addiction -DA

How smart are monkeys?

-much smarter than we thought -much more than just trial and error learning

Karen Strier

-muriqui conservation

John Muir

-national parks -leading advocate for saving land in the US, started national park system

Breeding programs to meet needs for research...?

-national primate centers (rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus macaque, squirrel monkeys, marmosets, owl monkeys) -under Obama, chimps could no longer be bred for biomedical research

White faced macaque

-new monkey found

have people been able to get an ape to teach another ape how to communicate with sign language?

-no

Chimp Act Amendment of 2013

-no longer can use apes in research

Defining play

-non-purposeful -repetitive -incomplete elements -exaggerated -play face -response of recipient -out of context -very difficult to come up with a good definition for it

Which neurotransmitter is required in higher quantities during the agitation phase?

-norepinephrine -if they don't get enough of it, they will fall into the depression stage -genetically incapable of keeping up with demand for norepinephrine

Theory of mind

-not only knowing that you exist, but that the people around us also exist, and are intelligent beings -clearly monkeys know that there are other monkeys, but do they act in accordance with the theory of mind theory? -possibilities: when chimps extend their arms to another chimp -food sharing: a sense of fairness -Reaction to unequal rewards for the same behavior -to trade or not: take token for cucumber or grape, or not, on the basis of what another monkey was given

Medical research is often done on....

-old world monkeys, specifically macaques -20-25 years ld in nature; closer to 40 in captivity/zoos -typically studies done on aging are done on monkeys in their late 20's or early 30's (comparable to humans around the age of 65)

Delayed matching to sample

-one of the best techniques (read about this?) -tests memory and also general understanding (can change how long the delay is)

capuchin stone use

-only in a certain area of Brazil -600-700 yrs old -Hasiam M (2017): "Pre Columbian monkey tools"

B.F. Skinner - American

-operant conditioning -training of animals -dog training

Birute Galdikas

-orangutan rehabilitation

Oscar the chimp

-oraphaned chimp that was adopted by a male -movie "Chimpanzee"

Teco

-part of the ACCI

treatment/recovery

-peer reared monkeys -playroom therapy -grandparent therapy -dog reared monkeys -MUST BE BEFORE ONE YEAR OF AGE

Alex Pachecho and Indrid Newkirk

-people for the ethical treatment of animals (PETA)

critical period

-period of 2-3 weeks where young monkeys emotionally attach to a physical object

anatomical structure of throat and tongue muscles

-pharynx and larynx / vocal cords (allow for the ability to string together syllables, which apes cannot do; humans can because the vocal cords have dropped down and have a dextrous tongue) -when vocal cords are higher up, you can drink and breath at the same time (apes can do this, is important with suckling and breathing in infants)

Vervets - a study on intergenerational behavior

-pink and blue corn -soaked blue corn in vinegar -in another forest, they did the opposite -these things were passed down as a cultural tradition

What are the two types of smile that primates have?

-play smile (happy face) -social smile, can mean many things

David Aspinall

-poorly conceived return effort for gorillas -CAN'T RETURN APES

What was one of the earliest recordings of cultural transmission?

-potato and wheat washing by Imo, a juvenile Japanese Macaque (1956)

Chimpanzee life course

-pregnancy, infancy, juvenile, puberty, adult

playroom therapy

-pretty effective overall -largely rescues the monkeys from the negative consequences of not being raised by a mother

Pet trade

-private zoos/collectors (Michael Jackson and Justin Bieber)

How old are the archaic stone tools from earlier chimpanzees?

-proposed that they are 4300 years old -Mercader (2007); 4300 yr old chimp sites and the origins of percussive stone technology (PNAS) -chimps do not use stones in all areas, only some

Keith and Kathy Hayes

-raised Vicki the chimp -during 1940's in their home -attempts at verbal language were a failure ("cup, up, mama, papa" but debatable)

Personal conservation

-reduce use of hardwoods (teak, mahogany, ebony) -restrict or prohibit the pet trade in primates -better control of poaching and hunting of wild primates

Rocking

-repetitive, pacing stereotypic behavior

Ape handedness

-right handed (60-70%) -left handed: larger percentile gyrus in right hemisphere

second most endangered group: 1k-10k

-ring tailed lemur, gibbon -sumatran orangutan, grauer gorilla

Gender differences in play

-rough and tumble play is observed much longer (age) and more frequently in males -females stop playing at a younger age than males -extended male adolescence -onset of reproduction -emigration

Orality and self-clasping

-self-injurious behavior (SIB)

Characteristics of communication

-sender sends signal to receiver -can be intentional or non intentional -intentional (on purpose) -non intentional; autonomic nervous system, piloerection (raised fur) -purpose is to cause a change in the behavior of the recipient

What did Frans de Waal study?

-sense of fairness -unequal rewards (cucumber or grape) for same task; trading rock for treat

what types of tests are used to study older monkeys?

-short term memory tests -delayed matching is very effective for this

Most endangered species (0-1000)

-silky sifaka -lion-tailed macaque -golden lion tamarin -muriqui -mountain gorilla

How good are apes at video games?

-similar to 3-6 year old child, not as good as 11-12 year old in navigating shortest distance to the goal

are spider monkeys endangered?

-some species of spider monkeys are, but not overall

Auditory communication

-sometimes to augment visual -distress calls -cohesion calls (especially in tree dwellers) -territorial calls (gibbons are known for this) -food calls -predator calls (learning of calls in vervets) -gibbon/siamang: long calls, done in the morning, can travel for miles

Types of intelligence

-species typical behavior (nest building, hunting, med. plant use) -tool use (Jane Goodall: ant dipping, termite fishing) (Testuro Matsuzaqa: rock hammer/anvil) -protoculture (facultative: learning from mother) -complex cognitive concepts (awareness of time, sense of self, death, sense of fairness and reciprocity, art and music appreciation)

infant distress calls

-specific to different areas of SA -peruvian/Bolivian vs. Guyanese - "regional dialects"

What are some issues/challenges with traditional learning/cognition studies? (there are anomalies/exceptions)

-squirrel monkeys, gibbons, and orangutans are not good at training -capuchins are high above the norm, exceptionally good -other animals; raccoons, parrots, very good -is the "training" really Clever Hans again?

3 Primary stages of mother infant relationship

-support -ambivalence -rejection

Requirements for language - Noam Chompsky (large skeptic)

-syntax, grammar -duality -phoneme, repeatable unit -sign/gesture must be symbolic -displacement in time and space -productivity (openness) -arbitrary (sender/reciever) -cultural transmission

Gordon Gallup's mirror test

-tested self-awareness -monkeys did not have a sense of self -apes did have a sense of self (if you changed the apes appearance (put a red dot somewhere on their body), then they will look in the mirror and touch themselves where the dot is, won't touch the mirror) -kids do this around the age of 1-2 -monkeys: treat the mirror image as another animal, smart dogs will sometimes do this as well

display panel with 9 lights

-tests working and short term memory of monkeys -one light is displayed, then it disappears, after a set amount of time, the monkey has to choose which light had been lit up

Three teratogens that were not tested in primates

-thalidomide -fetal estrogen exposure to prevent miscarriage -vitamin A (accutane) for acne

What happens when a pre-programmed response is not expressed or is expressed inappropriately?

-the behavior may be diverted and become abnormal -this has become common sense from studies in 40, 50, and 60's (all related to first year of life)

Russ Mittermier

-the head of Conservation International -felt compelled to go beyond being a scientist -Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia contain the most primate species -every year they publish a report on the 25 most threatened primate species

Genetics of vulnerability (allele polymorphism for serotonin)

-the reuptake of serotonin -long-long -long-short -short-short -- the best one fro reuptake

How large should a protected area be?

-the size of the park has impacts on the overall carrying capacity -500+ individuals to ensure genetic diversity

How do monkeys that grow up in the city perform on human conducted tests?

-they are far more inclined to perform well on tests conducted by humans -are they smarter? or are they simply more used to humans, and therefore less scared?

Orangutan habitats

-threatened by palm oil Indonesian agribusinesses

What type of monkeys twine their tails?

-titi monkeys (these monkeys also have specific auditory calls for different types of predators) -whoo-shriek (distress/isolation call)

what are selection circuses used for?

-to show that monkeys will look at female monkeys more than male monkeys -to show that monkeys know what threat faces are

Edward Throndike

-trial and error learning -things that don't work, animals stop doing it -things that work, they keep doing

US National Zoo breeding program

-tried to return Golden Lion Tamarins to the wild -initially it was unsuccessful - revised strategy (pair with wild partner)

Sherman and Austin

-two young chimps -could communicate with each other through lexigram

Tetsuro Matsuzawa

-university of Kyoto

Rhesus monkey

-used in research (example: 40,000 rhesus monkeys used for polio vaccine) -cancer research (30-40k cotton top tamarins between 1961-1976)

How did Abigail Rajazala and L Populin (2010) study sense of self?

-used smaller mirrors instead of very big ones -argued that if they can move the mirror, then they will view themselves voluntarily (arguing for a sense of self) -Rhesus monkeys understand what their reflection is, whereas 20-30 years ago we thought they didn't -HOWEVER: elephants can do this as well, and maybe dolphins

dog reared monkeys

-very effective overall -dogs are fairly tolerant of young monkeys -these monkeys are not 100% normal, but they are much better off than having no adult figure

grandparent therapy

-very effective overall -old monkeys around 20 years of age become "proxi-grandparents" -even the old males become tolerant of the baby, and will help out a lot with the baby -leads to normalization of infant behavior

Tonkin snub-nosed monkey

-very endangered

Ebola

-very very dangerous -causes hemorrhagic fever -Biosafety level 4 -Ebola epidemic in east Africa during September 2014 (earlier there had been an epidemic among wild chimps and lowland gorillas; 5-10k dead)

Current head of FDA

-wants there to be less testing before drugs are brought to the market

juvenile stage in monkeys

-weaning until puberty -puberty (3ish years old)

James Thompson

-work with stem cells -precursor embryonic cells that can be differentiated into other types of mature cells -done first on primates here at UW-Madison

Howard Temin

-worked on AIDS -reverse transcriptase; enzyme for replication of retroviruses

Herbert Terrace

-worked with Nim Chimsky the chimp -argued that chimp 'language' use was: not spontaneous, mostly single utterances, mostly for food, largely imitation -he was a large sceptic of the idea of ape language capabilities

"Person-hood"

-would preclude owning them as pets and would allow people to stand in for them in the court of law as if they are incapacitated humans -habeas corpus - arguing they are "illegally detained"

Old monkeys don't experience dementia and alzheimer's, but they do lose neurons and build up beta-amyloid and have iron deposits in their brains like old people. Thus, old monkeys are still a good model for understanding the decline in memory that occurs with aging in humans.

-yep

can bonobos and chimps interbreed?

-yes, but in nature they do not because they live in different areas

do young monkeys imitate actions that they see?

-yes, even if it is a human -"monkey see, monkey do" -mirror neurons

Can Kanzi play video games?

-yes, so can other primates

as primates get bigger, do they live longer?

-yes, this is relatively true across the primate order

Detachment as related to neurodevelopmental disorders and understanding psychiatric conditions (three main points)

1. Oral and self-clasping 2. Rocking 3. Emotionality

What are the stages of the negative responses associated with separation from an attachment object?

1. Protest - agitation (whoo call; then isolation/distress call); lots of crying, giving calls to get them to come back, if this does not work, then stage two happens 2. Depressive - conservation withdrawal; they come out of this stage if the mother returns 3. Social detachment - mainly seen in humans; socially withdrawn, even if caretakers return to their lives; commonly seen in foster homes

support stage?

?