Psychology, 5-8

* You read about an accident at a railroad crossing and wonder about the cause. Perhaps the car's driver overestimated the distance of the train because the parallel tracks stimulated the monocular depth cue of _____.

linear perspective

* An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates the ________effect.

misinformation

unconditioned response (UR):

n classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth).

* Both _____ and _____ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception.

perceptual set; context

* Once John learned of Sara's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual sets.

* Jody is completing a test in which she has to name as many state capitals as she can in 1 minute. Aditi is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams. Jody is completing a test of _____intelligence, whereas Aditi is completing a test of _____ intelligence.

crystallized; fluid

* Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted an experiment in which participants estimated the speed of a car described as either hitting or smashing into another. The _____ variable in this experiment was _____.

dependent; speed estimates

* Juanita was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Juanita's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _________failure.

encoding

* Jackie is worried about her young children being exposed to the violence on television. It would be inaccurate to tell Jackie:

she should not worry.

* After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, her friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _____memory.

short-term

* A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger moves on to the next aisle, the girl picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. Her behavior is reflects the findings in studies conducted by:

Bandura

* Marshall has such low self-esteem that he is often on the lookout for critical comments about his appearance and personality. Marshall's behavior BEST illustrates the dangers of _________bias.

Confirmation

* Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills BEST illustrates the effects of:

confirmation bias.

* When two friends talk over lunch, the amplitude of their conversation is about _____ decibels.

60

*Negative reinforcement- When a target behavior occurs an unpleasant event ends

A terribe sound stops after you push a button. this makes it more likely to push the button after hearing the sound again.

Which statement BEST illustrates classical conditioning, rather than operant conditioning? Katharine gives her daughter 5 dollars a week to help with chores around the house. Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Dustin gets anxious in small, enclosed rooms. Joe studied hard to achieve a high grade point average. After watching another 3-year-old stick out her tongue at the day-care worker, Tommy does the same thing.

Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Dustin gets anxious in small, enclosed rooms.

* Chen Yu suffered a head injury after crashing his motorcycle. When he awoke from a two-day coma, he found that he could formulate his thoughts linguistically, but he lost the ability to speak. Chen Yu suffered damage to ________area in the left hemisphere.

Broca's

* The FIRST modern test of intelligence was developed in:

France

* Mia is attracted to a man she is chatting with in a nightclub. What is probably happening to her eyes?

Her pupils are dilating.

Belief perseverance

Holding on to your beliefs even after they are proven wrong; closing your mind to new ideas.

* •An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff that causes your eye to blink. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?

NS = tone before conditioning US = air puff UR = blink to air puff CS = tone after conditioning CR = blink to tone

* Pauline is learning how to play badminton. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving the birdie while Pauline patiently watches. Pauline then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. This is an example of _ ____ learning.

Observational

* Damon, who is among the 8 percent of males with colorblindness, suffers from the most common form of color blindness. Which statement BEST illustrates Damon's experience of color?

Red apples on a tree seem to be the same color as the surrounding green leaves.

* Seventeen-year-old Ricky has had his driver's license for less than a year. Ricky absolutely loves driving any car. His love of driving gave him the idea of getting a job delivering pizza 25 hours a week. After having the job for 6 months, you can predict that:

Ricky's love of driving would decrease.

* __________ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous recovery

Algorithm

Step-by-step rule or procedure that guarantees the solution but requires time and effort.

Insight

Sudden Aha! reaction that instantly reveals the solution.

Creativity

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

* In classical conditioning, the _______ stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.

Unconditioned

* A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This BEST illustrates:

a context effect.

* Amir systematically tried each successive key on his dad's key ring until he found the one that unlocked his office door. This BEST illustrates problem solving by means of a(n)

algorithm

* The easier it is for an individual to remember a circumstance in which a car battery failed to function, the more he expects such an event to recur. This BEST illustrates the impact of the __ ___ heuristic.

availability

* Four-month-old Shayna is starting to say things like "ah-goo" and "da-da-da-da." Shayna is in the _____stage of language development.

babbling

* The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called:

babbling

* There is a small group of people who still think that the Earth is flat despite the fact that they are often otherwise normal members of modern society. They are exhibiting _______

belief perseverance

* Damage to the _ ____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions.

cerebellum

* Taste is a __ ___ sense.

chemical

* To "get information into our brain" is to:

encode

* Several days ago, Mitchell fell and hurt his ankle. Although it bothered him a little, he continued to walk on it. When he finally went to the doctor for X-rays, he found out he had a broken bone. It is likely that Mitchell carries a gene that boosts the availability of __ ___.

endorphins

* A year after surviving a shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates:

generalization

* As Ted walks through a park, he hears the sound of a dog barking and is able to recognize the direction of the sound and if the dog is nearby. Ted is able to do this because:

he has two ears and the sound will travel to the ear nearest to the sound first.

* Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of sensory ____.

interaction

* One sense influencing the perception of another is known as sensory__________

interaction.

* Positive, helpful behavior is called _______behavior.

prosocial

* Operant behavior produces events in the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

respondent

* Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing.

sensation; perception

* When Thad arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

sensory adaptation.

* When learning occurs in the California sea slug, more of the neurotransmitter _ ______is released at certain synapses.

serotonin

* Which term BEST illustrates productive language?

telegraphic speech

* Two-year-old Miguel's sentences—"Dad come," "Mom laugh," and "Truck gone"—are examples of _________

telegraphic speech.

* In testing thousands of different materials for use as light bulb filaments, Thomas Edison BEST illustrated a problem-solving approach known as:

trial and error.

Fixation

Inability to view problems from a new angle; focuses thinking but hinders creative problem solving.

* Your instructor has just asked the class, "What is intelligence?" Which statement embodies the spirit of psychology's simplest answer?

Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure.

* Road construction prevents you from getting to campus using the route that you usually travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you are using _____ to devise a different route.

a cognitive map

classical conditioning:

a type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

* Respondent behavior is to operant behavior as _____ is to _____.

automatic; deliberate

* A(n) _____ is MOST likely the prototype for the concept "fruit."

apple

* It is toward the end of Ken's junior year in college, and he is applying to medical school. Ken must first take the MCAT as a requirement of his application. The MCAT is a(n) _____ test.

aptitude

* Classical and operant conditioning involve learning by linking events; conditioning involves learning by __ ___.

association

* Stacy is participating in a local psychology experiment in which the research assistant asks Stacy to hold two pencils in front of her and touch the tips together. She then asks Stacy to do this with one eye closed. Stacy finds this terribly difficult, which demonstrates the importance of:

binocular cues.

* Evolved tendencies for species to learn some behaviors more easily than others are called _____ constraints on learning.

biological

* People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.

classical

* Taste aversion is a real-life example of ____ conditioning.

classical

* Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later, his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later, he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of:

classical conditioning.

* While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing her to flinch and blink quickly. Later, during the party, Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

* Laverne's scores on different parts of an IQ test are very different from one another. Laverne's profile of scores on the test:

contradicts the view of intelligence offered by such early theorists as Spearman.

* Mrs. Kendall is completing the vocabulary portion of an intelligence test as a participant in a cognitive aging study. Mrs. Kendall is completing a test of _____ intelligence.

crystallized

* A scientist conditions a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a high-pitched tone. The researcher then presents a low-pitched tone. The dog fails to salivate. The dog is demonstrating:

discrimination.

* The feeling that one has had the same experience before is known as _ ____.

déjà vu

* Studying for one's psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

effortful processing

* You are looking for a new roommate. You invite a person you hope will agree to be your new roommate to meet you in your apartment. Your mother, who is a real estate agent, tells you to bake cookies and make hot tea just before your prospective roommate arrives. She explains that the hot drink and smell of the cookies will affect this person's judgment of you. This is an example of:

embodied cognition.

* In very stressful or embarrassing situations, Sanura is able to maintain her poise and help others to feel comfortable. Sanura's ability BEST illustrates the value of:

emotional intelligence.

* Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been MOST likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by:

experience

* Which statistical procedure identifies clusters of related items on a test?

factor analysis

* Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as:

grouping

* Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:

he has a flashbulb memory for this event.

* _________ refers to the extent to which differences among people are attributed to genes.

heritability

* Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's _ ____.

hippocampus

* Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This BEST illustrates their retention of _____ memories.

implicit

conditioned response (CR):

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

neutral stimulus (NS):

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning.

unconditioned stimulus (US):

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response (UR).

* "Eureka! I've got it!" That sudden awareness of the path toward a problem's solution is called:

insight

* An experimenter visits a preschool with a big box of magic markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoy the task very much. On another visit, the children are told that, for every picture they draw, they would earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returned, he offered up the markers and paper for play but said that no prizes would be given. The children played very little with the markers because extrinsic rewards can undermine _ ____ motivation.

intrinsic

* As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the:

iris.

* You are playing "Ring Around the Rosie" with your little cousins and are spinning around and around. When you stop you still feel as though you are spinning because your semicircular canals and _____ receptors haven't returned to their neutral state.

kinesthetic

* Cognitive maps are created through a process called:

latent learning.

* In vision, the amplitude of a light wave relates to people's perception of the brightness of a stimulus. To which perceptual dimension does the amplitude of a sound wave correspond in hearing?

loudness

* When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:

observation.

* ________behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

operant

* If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning.

* Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities BEST illustrate our normal capacity for:

parallel processing.

* Professor Brandt shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a day-care worker and a child in the day-care center. The group that thinks the pair is related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related. Professor Brandt is MOST likely conducting a study on:

perceptual sets.

* Amanda is convinced she smells rotten eggs, but no one in the house can smell the odor. Amanda's sensation is known as _ ____ smells.

phantom

* Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n):

predisposition.

* When someone mentions that she saw a bird out of a window, DeJuan immediately thinks of a robin. A robin is an example of a(n) _ ____.

prototype

* The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the principle of:

proximity

* The cliché of the individual with extrasensory perceptual abilities bending a spoon with their mind illustrates the more specific phenomenon of:

psychokinesis

* A multiple-choice test is a good example of a ___ ___ test of explicit memory.

recognition

* Imagine you have to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory measure is known as _____.

recognition

* Every time we "replay" a memory, we replace the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this:

reconsolidation.

* The function of the basilar membrane is MOST similar to that of the _____ in vision.

retina

* The process of getting information out of memory storage is called________.

retrieval

* When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as __ ___ cues.

retrieval

* _____ interference is the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

retroactive

* The process by which receptor cells detect stimuli is called:

sensation

* After many years of playing extremely loud rock music, Kyle has suffered significant hearing loss, which cannot be corrected with a hearing aid. Kyle is suffering from _____ hearing loss.

sensorineural

* Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to the work. One morning, Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because:

she has formed a cognitive map of the area.

* The flavor of a food is due to:

the combination of aroma, taste, texture, and temperature

* Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal aptitude. According to Spearman, this BEST illustrates the importance of:

the g factor.

* When psychologists refer to the visible part of the light spectrum, they mean:

the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that are visible to the human eye.

* In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the fear of a loud nose was the __ ___ response.

unconditioned

* In classical conditioning, an event that naturally and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (US)

*In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful:

unconditioned stimulus.

* With respect to the sensory systems, the cerebellum is involved in the:

vestibular sense and kinesthesia.

* More of the human cortex is devoted to _____ than to any other sense.

vision

* Baby May is 12 months of age. Which statement is an example of the MOST sophisticated ability of which May is probably capable?

When her mother turns to look at the television screen, May can also turn and look at the screen.

Intuition

Your fast, automatic, effortless feelings and thoughts based on your experience; adaptive but can lead you to overfeel and underthink.

* If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of _________.

_ncoding

* Dr. Milano compares the performance of a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 45-year-olds, and a group of 70-year-olds on several tests of fluid intelligence and several tests of crystallized intelligence. Dr. Milano's investigation BEST exemplifies a(n):

cross-sectional study.

* When Andy becomes upset about getting a poor grade, he typically fails to realize that he feels scared. This lack of self-insight BEST illustrates an inadequate level of:

emotional intelligence.

* Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was MOST clearly necessary for test:

standardization.

* Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This BEST illustrates:

associative learning.

* According to the principle of belief perseverance, when faced with evidence supporting one's point of view on a controversial issue, one would MOST likely:

assume it is correct.

* Kaleb decided to go to his 25-year high school reunion. He looked in his yearbook to see whose picture he might recognize. According to research, he should expect to recognize _____ percent of his classmates' pictures.

90

* The _____ is the MOST widely used intelligence test for adults. It includes subtests for verbal comprehension and processing speed.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

* During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterwards, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:

amnesia.

* The formula "two parts oil to one part vinegar" is guaranteed to yield decent oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. In problem-solving terms, this recipe is a(n):

algorithm

* Morris was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the "young criminal," Morris recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Morris' experience BEST illustrates the ___________effect.

misinformation

* The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____.

modeling

* Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.

short-term

* Mila sees the sound of a drum as a large round shape. Mila's experience BEST exemplifies a conditioned called __ ___.

synesthesia

Heuristic

Simple thinking shortcut that lets you act quickly and efficiently but puts you at risk for errors.

* Approximately 95 percent of the human population has an IQ score between _____ and _____.

70; 130

*positive reinforcement- when a target behavior begins, a pleasant event begins

After a child does his chores, mother gives icecream. This makes doing chores more likely in the future.

* Zac and Nina are studying for a psychology test. Zac states that heritability refers to the extent to which genes are responsible for an individual's level of a particular characteristic is genetic. Nina disagrees, stating that heritability refers to the extent to which genes are responsible for variation among individuals in a particular characteristic. Which student is CORRECT?

Nina is correct.

Overconfidence

Overestimating the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments; allows you to be happier and to make decisions easily, but puts you at risk for errors.

* Which person is NOT demonstrating creative thinking? Fifteen-year-old Tang plays the violin and writes his own composition whenever a melody comes to him. Twenty-five-year-old LaRon is a gifted young architect who is relied upon by his firm because he can find alternative solutions to spacing issues. Seventeen-year-old Jason is an excellent test taker and does very well on aptitude tests. Ten-year-old Amelia is always using various discarded objects from the garage for her own inspired art projects.

Seventeen-year-old Jason is an excellent test taker and does very well on aptitude tests.

* A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over 3 hours. Though generally not claustrophobic, after 2 hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

Confirmation bias

Tendency to search for support for your own views and to ignore evidence that opposes them.

* Which statement BEST describes the relationships between the WAIS and WISC?

The WAIS is used to test adult intelligence, whereas the WISC is used to test children's intelligence.

* Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which scenario is MOST similar to encoding failure?

The book was never purchased.

*Negative punishment- When a target behavior occurs, a pleasant event ends.

When a child starts to whine the parent turns the tv off. This makes it less likely for the child to whine.

*positive punishment- When a target behavior begins, an unpleasant even begins

When a teen comes home hours late, parents ground teen for a week. This makes coming home late again less likely

Framing

Wording a question or statement so that it produces a desired response; can mislead people and influence their decisions.

* The garage where Quinn works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _______for fixing car engines.

algorithms

* Because we are human, language allows us to learn things we have neither experienced nor observed. This type of learning is called:

cognitive learning.

* Dr. Jones is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it, and his students begin to feel anxious and tense. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz and feel anxious whenever Dr. Jones closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n) ________stimulus.

conditioned

* Solving an algebra problem exemplifies _____ because there is generally one right answer to such a problem.

convergent thinking

* Thomas regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

negative

* Seeing the numeral 3, for instance, may evoke a particular taste sensation in a condition called _ ____.

synesthesia