Psychology 8

Encoding failure, Storage decay, Retrieval failure

(1) _______ _______: Unattended information never entered our memory system. (2) ___________: Information fades from our memory. (3) ________________: We cannot access stored information accurately, sometimes due to interference or motivated forgetting.

sensory memory

Although _____ is rich and detailed, one loses the information in it quickly unless one uses certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.

effortful processing

As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious work.

sensory memory

At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin's three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?

working memory

Basic functions of _______ _________: (1) Active processing of incoming visual and auditory information, and (2) focusing our spotlight of attention.

recall

Fill-in-the blank questions test our ______________.

a fraction of a second to several seconds

How long does information last in sensory memory?

seven, plus or mines two

How many bits of information did George Miller propose that humans can store in their short-term memory at a given time?

implicit, explicit

How to ride a bike is a(n) _____ memory, whereas the memory of being taught by a parent to ride a bike is a(n) _____ memory.

semantically

If you try to make the material you are learning personally meaningful, are you processing at a shallow or a deep level? Which level leads to greater retention? Answer: Making material personally meaningful involves processing at a deep level, because you are processing __________-based on the meaning of the words. Deep processing leads to greater retention.

the central executive

In Baddeley's model of working memory, _____ focuses attention and pulls information from long-term memory to help make sense of new information.

the spacing effect

Students who review previously learned course material at various times throughout a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This BEST illustrates the value of:

a few tenths of a second

Participants in George Sperling's experiment stared at a screen on which three rows of letters were flashed for just one-twentieth of a second. If Sperling sounded a high-pitched, medium-pitched, or low-pitched tone within _____, the person could recall the letters in the corresponding row.

basil ganglia

The _____ facilitate(s) the formation of procedural memories for skills.

hippocampus

The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

explicit, implicit

The frontal lobes and hippocampus are important for __________ memory formation, and the cerebellum and basal ganglia are key to ________ memory processing.

encoding

The processing of information into the memory system is called _____.

long-term potentiation

This neural basis for learning and memory, found at the synapses in memory-circuit connections, results from brief, rapid stimulation. It is called ______________ - ______________ ______________.

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, in what order does one process information?

infantile

Conscious memory for the first three years of life is a blank, an experience called _____ amnesia.

right hippocampus

Damage to the _____ will result in an inability to remember visual designs and locations.

lasts longer than visual sensory memory.

Echoic sensory memory:

recall, recognition

It would be better to test your memory with _______ (such as with short-answer or fill-in-the-blank self-test questions) rather than ___________ (such as with multiple-choice questions). Recalling information is harder than recognizing it, so if you can recall it that means your retention of the material is better than if you could only recognize it, and your chances of test success are therefore greater.

amygdala

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

b.

Multiple-choice questions test our a. recall. b. recognition. c. relearning. d. sensory memory.

rehearsal

One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

implicit memory

One's unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as:

recall

Professor Kapur prefers to give essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to test students':

Sperling

Psychologist _____ studied the characteristics of visual sensory memory.

rehearsal

Randy agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing with which to record the number. So Randy repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Randy used to encode the number into memory is called _____.

recognition

Recall, _____, and relearning are three measures of retention.

automatic processing, working memory

What two new concepts update the classic Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model? Answer: (1) We form some memories through _________ ___________, without our awareness. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model focused only on conscious memories. (2) The newer concept of a _______ _______ emphasizes the active processing that we now know takes place in Atkinson-Shiffrin's short-term memory stage.

serial position

When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the ______________ ______________ effect.

amygdala

Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?

b.

Which is an example of an explicit memory? a. how to ride a bike b. being taught by a parent to ride a bike c. how to drive d. how to sign your name

d.

Which is an example of an implicit memory? a. the correct spelling of emancipation b. being taught by a parent to ride a bike c. the date of Abraham Lincoln's birthday d. how to ride a bike

d.

Which is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory? a. Someone recalls the name of a high-school colleague while looking at his yearbook snapshot. b. Someone remembers to buy bread while standing in the grocery store checkout line. c. Someone remembers to make an important phone call. d. Someone remembers exactly what they were doing when they heard about the September 11th attacks.

Although cramming may lead to short-term gains in knowledge, distributed practice and repeated self-testing will result in the greatest long-term retention.

Which strategies are better for long-term retention: cramming and rereading material, or spreading out learning over time and repeatedly testing yourself?

effortful

While most students probably wish that their study time was automatic, successful studying, unfortunately, requires the attention and conscious work known as _____ processing.

explicit

Your friend has experienced brain damage in an accident. He can remember how to tie his shoes but has a hard time remembering anything told him during a conversation. What's going on here? Answer: Our _________ memories (facts and episodes) differ from our implicit memories of skills and procedures. Our implicit memories are processed by more ancient brain areas, which apparently escaped damage during the accident.

relearning

_____ is a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

sensory

_____ memory is to transience as long-term memory is to permanence.

priming

_________ is the activation (often without our awareness) of associations.

Automatic, Effortful

_____________ processing occurs unconsciously (automatically) for such things as the sequence and frequency of a day's events, and reading and comprehending words in our own language. ___________ processing requires attention and awareness and happens, for example, when we work hard to learn new material in class, or new lines for a play.