Psychology

Stereotype threat

Stereotype threat is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group. Since its introduction into the academic literature, stereotype threat has become one of the most widely studied topics in the field of social psychology.

Robert Sternberg

Sternberg has criticized IQ tests, saying they are "convenient partial operationalizations of the construct of intelligence, and nothing more. They do not provide the kind of measurement of intelligence that tape measures provide of height."

William Stern

William Stern born Ludwig Wilhelm Stern, was a German psychologist and philosopher noted as a pioneer in the field of the psychology of personality and intelligence. He coined the term intelligence quotient, or IQ, later used by Lewis Terman and other researchers in the development of the first IQ tests

Raymond Cattell

a British and American psychologist, known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure

Howard Gardner

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, humans have several different ways of processing information, and these ways are relatively independent of one another. The theory is a critique of the standard intelligence theory, which emphasizes the correlation among abilities, as well as traditional measures like IQ tests that typically only account for linguistic, logical, and spatial abilities.

Alfred Binet

Alfred Binet was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet-Simon test

Achievement tests

An achievement test is a test of developed skill or knowledge. The most common type of achievement test is a standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instruction, such as training or classroom instruction.

Aptitude tests

An aptitude is the ability to learn or to develop proficiency in an area (if provided with appropriate education or training). It is like talent. Examples are various types of reasoning, artistic ability, motor coordination, musical talent.

David Wechsler

He developed well-known intelligence scales, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Lewis Terman

He is best known for his revision of the Stanford-Binet IQ test and for initiating the longitudinal study of children with high IQs called the Genetic Studies of Genius

Intelligence

Human intelligence, mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment. Intelligence includes the ability to benefit from past experience, act purposefully, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. Intelligence can also be defined as "the ability that intelligence tests measure."

Intellectual disability

Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability, and mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. Intellectual disability (ID), once called mental retardation, is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living.

Validity

Validity refers to a test's ability to measure what it is supposed to measure refers to the extent to which assessments are consistent.

Charles Spearman

Charles Edward Spearman was an English psychologist known for work in statistics, as a pioneer of factor analysis, and for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. He also did seminal work on models for human intelligence, including his theory that disparate cognitive test scores reflect a single General intelligence factor and coining the term g factor.

Standardization

Consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored. In order to compare one person to another on a test, it is important that they take the test under the same conditions and the same scoring procedure is applied to both.

Creativity

Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is formed. The created item may be intangible (such as an idea, a scientific theory, a musical composition, or a joke) or a physical object (such as an invention, a literary work, or a painting).

Emotional intelligence

Emotional intelligence, also known as Emotional quotient, is the capability of individuals to recognize their own emotions and those of others, discern between different feelings and label them the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically

Normal curve

A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side. Normal curves are also called bell shaped curves. A "true" normal curve is when all measures of central tendency occur at the highest point in the curve.

J.P. Guilford

Joy Paul Guilford was an American psychologist best remembered for his psychometric study of human intelligence, including the distinction between convergent and divergent production.

L.L. Thurstone

Louis Leon Thurstone was a U.S. pioneer in the fields of psychometrics and psychophysics. He conceived the approach to measurement known as the law of comparative judgment, and is well known for his contributions to factor analysis.

Flynn effect

The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day. The rise in each successive generation's average IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test scores, named for the intelligence researcher James Flynn. Example: Due to the Flynn effect, IQ test scoring must occasionally be reworked in order to "reset" the average score to 100.

Stanford-Binet intelligence test

The Stanford-Binet test is a examination meant to gauge intelligence through five factors of cognitive ability These five factors include fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing and working memory. Both verbal and nonverbal responses are measured.

Norms

The norms of any particular group are defined by the group itself. Norms are the accepted standards of behavior for any given group.

Reliability

The term reliability in psychological research refers to the consistency of a research study or measuring test. For example, if a person weighs themselves during the course of a day they would expect to see a similar reading. Scales which measured weight differently each time would be of little use.