psychology

Humans are motivated to maintain a steady state of internal balance known as

homeostasis.

Sleep attacks are a hallmark symptom of

narcolepsy

The broad category of substances that alter consciousness are called

psychoactive

According to Freud, dreaming is the result of

the unconscious mind expressing itself.

Lev Vygotsky is famous for exploring this concept which describes the relationship between a learner being able to accomplish more difficult tasks with instruction.

zone of proximal development

Ninety-five percent of individuals fall within which range of IQ scores?

70-130

Which of the following best describes the difference between a stimulus and a response?

A stimulus evokes a response and a response occur as a result of a stimulus.

Which of the following best describes the difference between algorithms and heuristics?

Algorithms generally guarantee a solution where heuristics do not.

Which of the following best describes Thorndike's law of effect?

Behavior with a positive outcome will be repeated, while behavior with a negative outcome will be reduced or avoided.

Which of the following scenarios depicts the use of emotional suppression?

Bran feels intense sadness when watching a movie but keeps himself from crying.

Which of the following is a difference between using exemplars and prototypes for forming concepts?

Exemplars use a specific member of a category as representation.

The term 'withdrawal' is most accurately defined as

It is the opposite, physical effects of the substance in the body when the substance is removed.

Which of the following features are most important for something to be considered an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

It must reliably produce a response, even if the organism has never seen it before.

According to research on aging and intelligence, which of the following individuals is likely to have the greatest fluid intelligence?

Katrina, age 62

Which of the following is a key difference between reflexes and learned behavior?

Learned behavior occurs as the result of prior experiences.

Which of the following examples best supports Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Mario is a gifted mathematician but is completely unable to play an instrument.

This psychologist studied styles of attachment between infants and their caregivers using an experiment known as the "Strange Situation."

Mary Ainsworth

The tip-of-the tongue (TOT) phenomenon is often associated with feelings of frustration. Which of the following best describes why this occurs?

People know they have learned information but are unable to retrieve it.

Which stage of sleep is most important for consolidating memories?

REM sleep

The sensation of arousal and alertness after encountering a dangerous stimuli is triggered by which structure?

The sensation of arousal and alertness after encountering a dangerous stimuli is triggered by which structure?

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests which of the following relationships between physical sensations and subjective feelings?

They occur simultaneously.

Reinforcement is best defined as

a consequence that increases behavior.

Which of the following best describes algorithms?

a generally accurate step-by-step problem solving approach

The state of being in a different place from where one would like to be is known as

a problem

A comatose state is defined as

a state of unconsciousness during which a person is incapable of voluntary behavior.

According to Piaget, this is the cognitive process wherein acquisition of new knowledge requires the alteration of existing schema.

accommodation

Which of the following combinations include the brain waves associated with wakefulness?

alpha waves, beta waves, and gamma waves

Infants frequently smile as the result of pleasant interactions with others. The age at which this behavior begins occurs

around the same time for all children.

The Yerkes-Dodson law predicts that individuals will perform best on a difficult task when their

arousal is moderate

According to Piaget, this is the cognitive process wherein acquisition of new knowledge does not require the alteration of existing schema.

assimilation

Classical conditioning is best defined as

associations that are formed between two sequentially occurring stimuli.

Applied behavior analysis, a type of behavior therapy based on principles of operant conditioning, is most commonly used to treat individuals with

autism spectrum disorder.

Erikson held that toddlerhood was most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Which of the following best explains why REM sleep is considered to be "paradoxical"?

because during REM sleep, the brain is the most active while the body is the least active

The "own-race bias (ORB)" means that individuals are typically

better able to remember the faces of people from their own race.

In defining a problem, psychologists suggest using which of the following approaches to reduce the likelihood of failure?

breaking down large goals into intermediate goals

The term for an uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behavior doesn't match our attitudes is

cognitive dissonance

The process of changing the meaning of an event to change the associated emotion is known as

cognitive reappraisal.

Special, organizing ideas formed from our experiences that help us to make sense of our knowledge base are

concepts

Contemporary psychologists suggest that sleep enhances memory formation by

consolidating and organizing new memories.

Addiction is defined as

continuing to use a substance in spite of negative consequences.

The fundamental attribution error is best described as an overreliance on

dispositional factors

Overall, which neurotransmitter is most associated with developing addiction and maintaining dependency?

dopamine

The theory of context-dependent memory suggests that when we are tested in the same environment in which information was learned, retrieval will be

easier

Being able to successfully perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions is referred to as

emotional intelligence.

Which of the following represents the first step of memory?

encoding

Situational attributions are based on which kinds of factors?

external

Which of the following emotions is likely to be associated with the greatest amount of autonomic nervous system activation? Correct!

fear

This is the final stage in Piaget's theory or cognitive development, in which a child has begun thinking not only symbolically but abstractly and can apply abstract reasoning to solve complex problems.

formal operational

Broca's area is located in the brain's

frontal lobe

A barrier in which a concept is only thought of in its most typical form is called

functional fixedness

Erikson held that adolescence was most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

identity vs. role confusion

Both Maslow and more contemporary psychologists suggest that the most basic need in the hierarchies of needs are

immediate physiological needs.

Erikson held that middle childhood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

industry vs. inferiority

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of trust vs. mistrust

infancy

Persuasion is best defined as a change in attitude in response to

information provided by others.

In Albert Bandura's research on imitation, children who saw an adult punch and yell at a Bobo doll were more likely to

interact with the Bobo doll in the same way.

Erikson held that early adulthood is most concerned with which of the following psychosocial crises?

intimacy vs. isolation

Appraisal theory suggests that assessment of a stimulus

is a continuous process

Morphemes form phrases and sentences based on

language-specific grammar rules.

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of ego integrity vs. despair.

late adulthood

The difference between compliance and obedience depends on whether the request is

made by an authority figure

Positive changes to the brain, such as cortical thickness and increased gray matter, have been linked to which method of altering consciousness?

meditation

According to Erikson, this developmental stage is centered on the psychosocial crisis of generativity vs. stagnation.

middle adulthood

Which of the following memory tricks involves condensing a large amount of information into an acronym?

mnemonics

Research suggests that sleep plays a positive role in the formation of which type of memory?

most types of memory

According to the spreading activation model, thinking about a concept will activate

nearby concepts faster than distant concepts.

Which of the following types of learning occurs when an association is formed between a behavior and an outcome?

operant conditioning

Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love focuses on which three dimensions?

passion, intimacy, and commitment

According to the James-Lange Theory, which of the following is the correct sequence of events for processing emotions?

perceive stimulus > physiological response > conscious awareness of a subjective feeling

Advertisements often attempt to influence our behavior through

priming

Memory decay is most likely to affect memories that are

rarely used

As we reach adulthood, crystallized intelligence

remains stable

One difference between non-declarative and declarative memory is that declarative memories

require conscious effort to retrieve.

According to evolutionary theorists, which type of consciousness is the most evolutionarily advanced?

self-awareness

According to Piaget, in this stage a child lacks the ability to form mental representations of their external environment.

sensorimotor

Without additional information processing, which of the following memory systems holds information for the shortest duration?

sensory memory

Actor-observer bias affects whether behavior is explained by

situational or dispositional factors.

Adrienne is able to lift heavier weights when working out with a friend compared to working out alone. She is most likely experiencing

social facilitation

A group's rules for behavior are referred to as

social norms

In operant conditioning, the term "positive" refers to

something that is added to the environment.

Repair of the body is most likely to occur during which stage of sleep?

stage 4 N-REM

The principle of encoding specificity suggests that long-term memories include which of the following?

target information and other pieces of information noticed during encoding

This term describes the beginnings of personality patterns observed in infants.

temperament

Wernicke's area is located in the brain's

temporal lobe

Which one of the following discoveries led Darwin to suggest that emotions evolved?

that primates expressed emotions using the same facial muscles as humans

Mind wandering is an example of the role of

the default mode network.

The prisoner's dilemma is a classic model of

the factors that underlie decisions to compete or cooperate within groups.

Extinction occurs when

the pairing of the CS and UCS is broken.

Reinforcement in interval schedules depends on You Answered

the passage of a particular amount of time.

The definition of memory 'storage' is

the retention of information

The Sally-Anne Test is used to assess in young children the development of a working

theory of mind

The process of stimulus generalization most often occurs when

two stimuli are similar to one another.

What is typically the first step of problem solving?

understanding the problem

Findings from Tolman's maze experiments suggest that cognitive maps are typically formed via

unique non-associative learning.

Compared to classical conditioning, operant conditioning involves

voluntary behaviors

Which of the following best describes when catharsis is likely to occur?

when an individual has reached their limit for a particular emotion

Which of the following is true about schemas?

Schemas can affect which information is retained or discarded from our memory.

Which of the following provides the best definition for the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory of emotion?

Stimuli produce general arousal and feelings occur based on assessment of the arousal.

In the United States, approximately 85% of adults use this psychoactive substance.

caffeine