Psychology Ch 4

Compared with women, men are more likely to

behave in all these ways

Studies of the relative impact of nature and nurture on human differences in aggressiveness best illustrate the research efforts of

behavior geneticists

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as

behavior genetics

An awareness that children's temperaments influence parents' child-rearing practices should inhibit our tendency to

blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics.

People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing

family loyalty

Two individuals are most likely to differ in personality if they are

fraternal twins who were raised apart

Gender differences in verbal fluency are consistent with evidence that part of the

frontal lobes is thicker in women than in men.

Over the past decades, women have been increasingly expected to take responsibility for political leadership. This best illustrates a change in

gender roles

Traditionally, men were expected to initiate dates and women to select wedding gifts. This best illustrates aspects of

gender roles

Because he believes that crying is a feminine trait, 14-year-old George has difficulty admitting that a movie makes him tearful. His experience best illustrates the impact of

gender schemas

Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates their use of

gender schemas

Identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the same

gender schemas

When his mother offered to play leapfrog with him, Jorge protested, "I'm not going to play a girl's game!" Jorge's reaction best illustrates the impact of

gender schemas

Migdalia insists on wearing very feminine-looking outfits because she wants to be treated like a woman. This best illustrates the impact of

gender typing

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called

gender typing

A single ________ on the ________ chromosome plays a crucial role in the prenatal development of the testes.

gene; Y

Heritability refers to the extent to which trait variations among individuals are attributable to their differing

genes

Evolutionary psychologists attribute the human tendency to fear snakes and heights to

genetic predispositions

According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be

genetically predisposed

An organism's complete set of genetic instructions is called the

genome

A human sperm cell contains

23 chromosomes

Chromosomes are composed of

DNA

The principle of natural selection was first advanced by

Darwin

One form of a gene that regulates the neurotransmitter serotonin contributes to the development of

a fearful temperament

Placing ourselves in environments well suited to our existing traits best illustrates

a selection effect

Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits, it would make the most sense to consider the importance of

a selection effect

a gender role refers to

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

If chronic child abuse alters a victim's gene expression in such a fashion as to facilitate depression and suicide, this would be said to illustrate

an epigenetic effect

It has been suggested that older men in all cultures tend to marry women younger than themselves because men are genetically predisposed to seek female features associated with youthful fertility. This suggestion best illustrates

an evolutionary perspective

Hormone injections exposing a female embryo to excess testosterone sometimes cause female infants to be born with

masculine appearing genitals

Adopted children are especially likely to have similar ________ if raised in the same home.

attitudes

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that

children are more likely to be valued by their biological fathers than by their stepfathers.

Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with

collectivism

Displays of self-effacing humility are most characteristic of those who value

collectivism

When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by

collectivism

People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when confronted by

cultural diversity

In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from

cultural influence

The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate

cultural influence

Failing to understand the norms of the community into which we have recently moved is most likely to contribute to

culture shock

Over the last century, Western parents have placed ________ priority on teaching children to respect and obey parents and ________ priority on teaching them loyalty to their country.

decreasing; decreasing

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized most often because it:

depends too much on hindsight explanations of human behavior.

Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of

eating disorders

An infant's temperament refers most directly to its

emotional excitability

The study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change is called

epigenetics

Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is more time-consuming for women than for men. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior.

evolutionary

Psychologists who argue that the factors influencing attraction are "hard-wired" into us from the earliest days of human existence are called ________ psychologists.

evolutionary

A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of

individualism

Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of

individualism

Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by

individualism

People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates

interaction of nature and nurture

Assessing possible links between specific chromosome segments and alcohol dependence would be of greatest interest to a(n)

molecular geneticist

Identifying some of the specific genes that contribute to alcohol dependence would be of most direct interest to

molecular geneticists

DNA is a complex

molecule

Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are

more similar in their risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and more similar in risk of being emotionally unstable.

Compared with women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual sex with different partners and ________ likely to cite affection as a reason for their first sexual intercourse.

more; less

Which of the following is a major source of genetic diversity?

mutations

Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of

natural selection

The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of

natural selection

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of

nature-nurture interactions

At a business meeting, people from one culture may behave in a hurried and time-conscious manner that people from another culture consider to be rude and inconsiderate. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing

norms

The dramatic increase in Americans' premarital sexual activity over the past half-century best illustrates that sexual behavior is influenced by

norms

Social learning theorists emphasize that

observation and imitation play a crucial role in the development of gender identity.

Our adaptive flexibility in responding to different environments contributes to our fitness, which refers to

our ability to survive and reproduce

We are likely to ________ the personality similarities among children in the same family, and we are likely to ________ the personality similarities between parents and their children.

overestimate; overestimate

Compared with many Asian and African parents, today's Westernized parents are more likely to teach their children to value

personal independence

Adoptive parents are LEAST likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.

personality traits

Aggression is defined in psychology as

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This best illustrates the influence of ________ on development.

prenatal environments

Researchers have discovered that we often are attracted to those with whom we spend a great deal of time. This factor of romantic attraction is called:

proximity

The home environment most clearly has a greater influence on children's ________ than on their ________.

religious beliefs; personality traits

Norms are best described as

rules for socially acceptable behavior

Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender

schemas

The genome is the complete

set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes

Charles Darwin noticed that many species of animals had developed characteristics with no survival value. His theory that these characteristics had evolved to attract a mate is called:

sexual selection.

Girls typically play in ________ groups than do boys and, during their teens, girls spend ________ time with friends than do boys.

smaller; more

Intense and reactive infants become unusually anxious and aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the importance of

temparment

Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by

touch and massage

An infant boy was raised as a girl following a botched circumcision. During adolescence, the child ________ boys and ________ the assigned female identity.

wanted no part of kissing; did not accept

Evolutionary psychologists believe that because of the different reproductive challenges experienced by men and women throughout the history of the human race:

women are usually attracted to dominant males, while men are usually attracted to females who appear young and healthy.

When looking for someone to whom they can confide their personal worries, women usually turn to ________ and men usually turn to ________.

women; women