Psychology Ch.5 ICA

The development of a conditioned taste aversion is a real-word example of _____ in action.

classical conditioning

In a typical advertisement, the product or service being promoted acts as a(n) _________ for positive emotional responses.

conditioned stimulus

Learning is defined as

A relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking resulting from experience.

_____ entails a sudden awareness of the pathway to a problem's solution.

Insight

_____ occurs without awareness or reinforcement, and is not evident until it is needed.

Latent Learning

Neil wants to complete several on-campus errands as efficiently as possible during a break between classes so that he can spend at least a few minutes reviewing lecture notes. To plan his route, he consults a picture in his mind of the campus's layout. In Tolman's terms, Neil is using a cognitive:

Map

An individual or character whose behavior is observed and (sometimes) imitated is termed a:

Model

According to meta-analyses on the relationship between spanking and various outcomes, the conclusion for parents is to:

Not spank their child since most studies find spanking is associated with negative outcomes.

Marc never does his homework. His mother begins reinforcing him with additional "screen time" whenever he simply sits at his desk after dinner. After a week, she reinforces him only when he opens his books and notebooks. One week later, she reinforces him only when he completes at least a portion of his assigned homework. Marc's mother is using:

Shaping

Thorndike's law of effect is MOST similar to _____'s concept of _____.

Skinner; positive reinforcement

Observational learning is also called:

Social Learning

Actions that are kind, generous, and beneficial to others are _____ behaviors.

empathetic

According to the _____ perspective, conditioned taste aversions have an adaptive value since they help humans survive.

evolutionary

Marta no longer uses a particular vending machine on campus because it has consistently failed to deliver Marta's snack or soda when she inserted her money and made her selection. Marta's experience BEST illustrates:

extinction.

Ivan Pavlov investigated how organisms:

form associations between stimuli

Thorndike and Skinner pioneered the study of:

operant conditioning.

Josette provides _____ when she laughs at one of Omar's corny jokes, as demonstrated by the fact that Omar continues to tell her more jokes because he believes that she likes them.

positive reinforcement

Research by Cole and his colleagues (2008) and Greitemeyer (2009) indicates that prosocial media messages can encourage:

prosocial thoughts as well as prosocial behavior.

Juan developed a conditioned taste aversion to ranch potato chips when he had the stomach flu last year. Now he gets nauseous just seeing a bag of ranch potato chips. The CS is the _____ and the CR is the _____.

ranch potato chips; nausea

The Bobo doll study showed that children were more likely to copy models who were _____ for their aggressive behaviors, and less likely to copy models who were _____ for their aggressive behaviors.

rewarded; punished

Meg develops a hypodermic needle phobia following a painful, bruising injection. However, Meg develops no fear of other sharp objects such as sewing needles, scissors, or knives. Meg's example demonstrates.

stimulus discrimination.

Since a bright light causes one to blink reflexively, blinking would be described here as a(n):

unconditioned response.

Since a bright light causes one to blink reflexively, the light would be described as a(n):

unconditioned stimulus.

A rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement when it receives a food pellet after a fluctuating, non-constant number of bar presses.

variable-ratio