Psychology Ch.6

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

kicked and threw the doll

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary reinforcer?

money

The Premack principle is useful to lean on in operant learning because it can help:

motivate weaker behaviors to be more likely to occur.

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

negative punishment

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

Carter receives a sticker book for listening to the dentist, which happens to be a great example of which of the following?

positive reinforcement

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Extinction occurs when ________.

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following statements best explains E. L. Thorndike's law of effect?

Behaviors are strengthened by positive consequences and weakened by negative ones.

After several attempts at escape with no success, the electrically shocked dogs give up. At that moment the gates open and the dogs could simply walk out, but they don't; instead they just sit there. This could most likely be explained by the concept of:

Learned helplessness

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the idea behind social cognitive learning?

Learning is likely to happen whether we see someone else punished or rewarded for behavior.

Salina receives a $1,000 bonus at her job after she sold the most cars this month. The $1,000 bonus is an example of a:

Primary reinforcer

Variable ratio schedules are particularly resistant to extinction because:

a participant may believe that a reward is coming with just one more behavior.

When Edgar takes a shower, he jumps back when the water unexpectedly gets very cold. Edgar notices that when he hears his neighbor flush his toilet, the water gets very cold immediately thereafter. Informed by this example, which of the following is the conditioned response?

jumping back

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

Many psychologists believe that children of parents who beat them are likely to beat their own children. One common explanation for this phenomenon is

modeling.

When a behavior is being shaped, it is being:

molded using the principles of operant conditioning.

Which of the following is NOT a primary reinforcer?

money

Which of the following is an example of a generalized reinforcer?

money

Ethan failed to meet his work quota for the month and so his supervisor has removed his extra break time privilege until he meets the quota, which happens to be a great example of which of the following?

negative punishment

In the Skinner box, if an animal pushes a lever it will not receive a food pellet. This is an example of which form of operant conditioning?

negative punishment

George takes Tylenol to get rid of the headache he has, which happens to be a great example of which of the following?

negative reinforcement

In the Skinner box, an animal pushes a lever to stop the floor from being electrified. This is an example of which form of operant conditioning?

negative reinforcement

Just before the doors of the elevator close, Lola, a coworker you despise, enters the elevator. You immediately leave, mumbling about having forgotten something. Your behavior results in

negative reinforcement.

In the simplest form of classical conditioning, it is essential that prior to learning, the would-be conditioned stimulus is:

neutral in terms of affecting behavior.

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

Darryl is caught by a police officer speeding on the freeway and as a consequence, the officer gives him a ticket. This behavior is an example of which of the following?

positive punishment

In the Skinner box, if an animal pushes a lever it will receive an electric shock. This is an example of which form of operant conditioning?

positive punishment

In the Skinner box, if an animal pushes a lever it will receive a food pellet. This is an example of which form of operant conditioning?

positive reinforcement

When you use a conditioned stimulus to condition another stimulus, this is known as:

second-order conditioning

Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?

A baby takes his first steps.

Of the following, which would a psychologist consider the best example of learning?

A child being able to ride a bike

Which of the following statements is true regarding higher-order conditioning?

A conditioned stimulus now becomes an unconditioned stimulus

Desensitization therapy can best be defined as:

A conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation

Which of the following is the best example of a negative reinforcement?

A mother taking an aspirin to eliminate her headache

Mary gives her two young sons a sticker every time they clean up their rooms, take the dog out for a walk, and empty the garbage. When they earn 30 stickers, they can go to the movies. This approach to behavior modification is known as:

A token economy

Which of the following statements best defines classical conditioning?

A type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by a stimulus comes to be elicited by a formerly neutral stimulus

In operant conditioning, the Premack Principle states that:

Acquiring a desired behavior from an individual can be effectively used as a reinforces for another, less desirable activity

Which of the following psychologists would argue that learning can take place when someone is watching another person and performs that behavior even when not reinforced?

Albert Bandura

With which statement would B. F. Skinner most likely agree?

All learning is observable.

Punishment can best be defined as:

An attempt to weaken a response by following it with something unpleasant

During the conditioning process of Pavlov's dogs, what element of classical conditioning did the bell and food play?

CS and UCS

Just before something scary happens in a horror film, they often play scary-sounding music. When I hear the music, I tense up in anticipation of the scary event. In this situation, the music serves as a(n)

Conditional Stimulus

As part of a new line of research in behavioral medicine, researchers gave mice saccharine-flavored water and followed it up with an injection of a drug that weakens the mice's immune systems. Later, when these mice drank saccharine-flavored water, they showed signs of weakened immune response. In the experiment, what is the saccharine-flavored water?

Conditioned stimulus

Latent learning may be hard to recognize in a given moment because:

an animal shows no clear evidence of having learned anything in that moment.

Automobile advertisements, especially those for sports cars, often feature young, beautiful women. Smart advertisers know' and research confirms that men rate new cars whose ads include an attractive female as faster, more appealing, better designed, and more desirable than cars with similar ads that do not include an attractive female. What is the unconditioned response?

Desire to buy the car

A group of ranchers attempt to discourage coyotes from attacking their sheep by placing a substance on the wool of the sheep that makes coyotes violently ill if they eat it. Very quickly, the coyotes avoid the sheep entirely. The ranchers discover that now not only will coyotes not attack treated sheep but also they will not attack any sheep. This is an example of:

Generalization

What is one major difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

Operant conditioning takes place as a result of some voluntary action, while classical conditioning takes place without choice.

A chimpanzee is in a cage with a banana on the ground just out of his reach outside of the cage. After a period of inaction, the chimp suddenly grabs the stick in the cage, pokes it through the cage, and drags the banana within reach. This type of learning is called:

Insight

While taking his math placement exam, Spencer became stuck on one problem. With only five minutes left, he suddenly arrived at the answer. This is an example of:

Insight

A passenger on an airplane was feeling anxious about an important job interview. As a result he was uneasy and nervous the entire flight. A week later, he is contemplating a holiday trip. Though he hadn't previously been afraid to fly, he finds himself suddenly nervous about flying and decides to cancel his flight. What are the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR, respectively?

Job interview, feeling nervous and anxious, flying, feeling nervous and anxious about flying

Harry Harlow's goal was to get his monkeys to figure out that in any set of six trials, the food was always under the same box. Initially the monkeys chose the boxes randomly, sometimes finding food and sometimes not. However, after a while their behavior changed: after two consistent trials of finding the correct box, they continually went back to the same box. Harlow concluded that the monkeys had "learned how to learn." According to Harlow the monkeys established:

Learning sets

Latent learning can best be described as:

Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change

In Albert Bandura's 'hobo" doll experiment, which group of children spontaneously acted aggressively toward the doll rather quickly?

Model-reward condition

A defendant is harrased until he confesses. This is an example of:

Negative reinforcement

Devyn watches a violent television show and then pretends to shoot her brother Tyler with a toy pistol. A psychologist would say that Devyn has learned this behavior through:

Observational learning

The key difference between primary and secondary reinforcement is:

One is naturally satisfying and unlearned while the other is something learned through positive experience.

Suspending a basketball player for committing a flagrant foul is an example of:

Punishment

In what manner would Ivan Pavlov have conducted extinction trials on his classically conditioned dogs?

Repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus (bell) without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus (food)

Dave is a young boy who interacts with the family dog by hugging it. Every time the parents witness this interaction, they take Dave's hand and perform a stroking motion on the dog, followed by praising Dave for being good with the dog and then doing an enjoyable activity with Dave. This procedure is known as:

Shaping

After overcoming her fear of the dentist, Jada finds out she needs a root canal. On her way to the dentist's office, her old fears and anxieties return and she begins to panic. This is an example of:

Spontaneous recovery

Joey is refusing to complete his homework on time. After learning about Joey's love of trains, Mrs. Anderson promises to reward Joey with a toy train upon completion of two homework assignments. This is an example of:

The Premack Principle

Dylan's mother buys him a sailor's cap before they go on a family fishing trip. On the boat, Dylan gets nauseated and vomits. The next day he gets nauseated just from looking at the sailor's cap. The sailor's cap has become:

The conditioned stimulus

Which of the following best describes the basic principle behind operant conditioning?

The consequences one receives are directly based on his or her behavior.

Schedules of reinforcement have a direct effect on maintaining your behavior. Which schedule of reinforcement is identified by your calling in this example: Calling a friend and getting a busy signal because he or she is frequently on the phone?

Variable interval

A group of ranchers attempts to discourage coyotes from attacking their sheep by placing a substance on the wool of the sheep that makes coyotes violently ill if they eat it. Very quickly, the coyotes avoid the sheep entirely. In this scenario, what are the UCS, CS, and CR, respectively?

The substance, the sheep's wool, aversion to the sheep

Car advertisements often feature beautiful women. Research confirms men rate new cars whose ads include an attractive female as more desirable than cars that do not include an attractive female. In this sort of advertisement, what is the attractive woman?

The unconditioned stimulus

The sight of a needle can trigger fear in some people. Why is this an example of classical conditioning?

There is an unconditioned association with fear and the needle.

What is the goal of both positive and negative reinforcement?

To increase the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated

Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

UCS produces the UCR.

Mrs. Jackson, an English teacher, gives pop quizzes to her students every marking period. This is an example of:

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of a cognitive map?

When asked for directions to his job, a man recites them in great detail.

Classical conditioning would best be suited to answer which of the following questions?

Why do people associate certain foods with nausea?

Can extinction occur with operant conditioning?

Yes, provided that the reward or punishment is properly withheld.

A behavior that is being reinforced or punished using operant conditioning is known as ___.

an operant

Reflexes and instincts:

are present without having had to explicitly learn them.

The classical conditioning training procedure in which the Unconditional Simulus is presented before the Conditional Simulus is known as

backward conditioning.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

buying a child, a video game after she throws a tantrum

Generalization appears to be incredibly useful from an evolutionary standpoint because it:

can inform future behavior in new situations that are similar to ones you've encountered before.

Mollie the cat learns quickly that when she hears a crinkle sound, it is soon thereafter followed by the presentation of some delicious cat treats, which makes her purr. Informed by this example, which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?

cat treats

Before his parents will read him a bedtime story, Charley has to brush his teeth, put on his pajamas, kiss his grandmother good night, and put away his toys. This example illustrates

chaining

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

A neutral stimulus that gains meaning and significance through classical conditioning is known as the:

conditioned stimulus

Every time Jake offers Anne one of his very strong mints, she kindly accepts. Each time she eats the mint, her mouth puckers from the strength of the mint. Jake happens to clear this throat before reaching for the mints he then offers to Anne. Over time, Anne associates the clearing of Jake's throat with having a mint, which makes her mouth pucker. In the example above, which component of classical conditioning is the clearing of Jake's throat?

conditioned stimulus

In teaching your cat to jump through a hoop, which reinforcement schedule would facilitate the most rapid learning?

continuous

If you are reliably paid every two weeks by your employer, it would be fair to say that this schedule of reinforcement is both ___ and ___.

continuous; fixed interval

Spontaneous recovery teaches us that:

despite reducing their response, animals still seem to remember the association.

A fear of public speaking may be produced via classical conditioning because:

embarrassment and/or anxiety is coupled with having to speak publically.

If an animal learns that a tuning fork predicts the presence of food, they will start to salivate to the presentation of the tuning fork alone. If the tuning fork no longer precedes food, which of the following will be most likely to occur?

extinction

Lily keeps poking Jared in Mr. Clayton's third-grade class. Mr. Clayton tells Jared to ignore Lily. Mr. Clayton is hoping ignoring Lily's behavior will

extinguish the behavior.

Ideally, a bus runs on a ___ schedule but more realistically, it probably runs on a ___ schedule.

fixed interval; variable interval

For every $3,000 dollars in sales that she makes, Alexis receives a $250 bonus on her paycheck. This is an example of which type of operant learning schedule?

fixed ratio

Sheila was conditioned to respond to the sound of a man yelling and even though she was not explicitly taught to do so, she responds the same way to the sound of any person yelling. This pattern of behavior is evidence of which of the following?

generalization

When Tito was young, his parents decided to give him a quarter every day he made his bed. Tito started to make his siblings' beds also and help with other chores. Behaviorists would say that Tito was experiencing

generalization.

Suppose you are a marketing researcher and you want to link your brand to a good feeling. You know that sunny holidays make people feel relaxed and positive, and so you associate that experience with your travel agency. This practice is best considered which of the following?

higher-order conditioning

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

infant sucking on a nipple

Try as you might, you are unable to teach your dog to do a somersault. He will roll around on the ground, but he refuses to execute the gymnastic move you desire because of

instinctive drift

Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an animal:

is more likely to do something because they observed another animal do the same thing.

When we habituate to something, we are:

reducing our responsiveness to it.

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

shaping

Each time Krupal's bus arrives in the morning, a loud squeaking happens as the bus is coming to a stop, which is immediately followed by a terrible smell of diesel fuel. Put off by the smell, she covers her nose and steps back. After having experienced this a few times, Krupal steps back as soon as she hears the bus squeaking. In the example above, which of the following is the conditioned response?

stepping back and covering her nose

In the context of operant learning, the term "positive" refers to:

the introduction of a stimulus to affect behavior.

In the context of operant conditioning, "positive" refers to:

the presentation of a stimulus.

One of the most important lessons from taste aversion is that:

there are circumstances where classical conditioning can occur after one instance of learning.

A rat evidencing abstract learning might learn

to press a lever when he sees pictures of dogs but not cats.

Every time Behnaz offers Behzad one of her chocolates, she swivels around on her squeaky chair and hands Behzad a chocolate which he kindly accepts. Each time he eats the chocolate, his mouth produces a lot of saliva. Over time, Behzad associates the sound of Behnaz's squeaky chair with having a chocolate, which makes his mouth water. In the example above, which component of classical conditioning is the chocolate?

unconditioned stimulus

The students in Professor Souza's class never know when to expect a pop quiz because Professor Souza is using which of the following operant learning schedules?

variable interval

Tina likes to play with slugs, but she can find them by the shed only after it rains. On what kind of reinforcement schedule is Tina's slug hunting?

variable-interval