Psychology Chapter 1

Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as ___________.

Objective introspection

__________ refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.

Observer bias

When Mary took the survey in the mall, she noticed that the interviewer was wearing a campaign button for the mayor. She answered the questions about the major more favorably than she might otherwise have, probably because:

Of courtesy bias

A doctor informs the parents of a 14-year-old that, without hospitalization, her anorexia nervosa will worsen and cause grave medical conditions. The doctor is using a(n):_______.

Prediction

A ______ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment of psychological disorders.

Psychiatrist

Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious minds. To which perspective does Mary ascribe?

Psychodynamic

A professional who holds a doctoral degree (but has not attended medical school) and may work in a wide number of vocational settings would be a ___________.

Psychologist

The belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as _______.

Structuralism

In the Wesleyan University of male college athletes, the control group consisted of ________.

Students who answered the high threat question after taking the test

Which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?

Studying long-term effects is much easier

Dr. Saltman presents the question, "At what age does the average American college student experience his/her first sexual encounter?" Dr. Saltman's question might be addressed through the used of which of the following research methods?

Survey

What is the main advantage in laboratory observation?

The degree of control it gives the researcher

______ is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one.

The law of parsimony

An institutional review board reviews a study's ___________.

safety and consideration for the research participants

In an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by _________.

using random assignment

Toeday, Gesalt ideas are part of which branch of psychology?

Cognitive psychology

Which of the following is the strongest correlation?

-.93

Animals are used in about ___ percent of all psychological studies.

7

Within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to ______.

All internal, covert activity of our minds

The theory of operant conditioning was developed by_______.

B.F. Skinner

The idea that sexual orientation may be related to the birth order of male children was posited by researchers in the field of _________.

Biopsychology

In a double-blind experiment, _______ are kept unaware of which participants are in the control group(s) and which participants are in the experimental group(s).

Both the researcher(s) and the participants

The largest subfield of psychology is ________.

Clinical

A drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is given a sugar pill. This type of study is __________.

Double-blind

Consider the following statement: "Women avoid computer science because it is stereotypically dominated by males. This, in turn, leads many women to feel that the field is not accessible to them. "This is an example of a(n)_______________.

Explanation

The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is ___________.

Functionalism

Which of the following true about Gesalt psychology?

It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures and events

The bystander effect says that people in a crowd are __________ help someone in trouble as compared to a person witnessing someone in need of help in the absence of others.

Less likely to

Psychologists in the counseling specialization __________.

Must be licensed to practice in their states

Studying children's interactions by watching them play on the school playground is an example of a _________.

Naturalistic observation

A (n)____________________ specifically names the steps that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment.

Operational definition

Which of the following is true of doing research with people?

Participants sometimes react in unexpected ways to the manipulations in an experiment.

The first step in the scientific method is __________.

Perceiving the question

By making loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This provided that_________.

Phobias could be learned through conditioning

Mrs. O'Conner participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill, but she believed that the pill did indeed control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as the _______.

Placebo effect

What do we call two variables that increase in the same direction?

Positive correlation

Because psychologists want to be precised and measure as carefully as they can they use _________ to study psychology.

The scientific method

Researchers use ______ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.

The scientific method

The four goals of psychology are accomplished through:

The scientific method

Professor Robinson is interested in examining how study breaks influence memory. She allow one group of psychology students to take a single 15- minute break while another group of psychology students take three 5- minute breaks. What is the dependent variable in this example?

The students' memory of the material

In a negative correlation __________.

The two variables have an inverse relationship.

One drawback to the survey method is _______.

The way in which the question is worded can affect the answer.