Psychology Chapter 1

Humanism

. _________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.

Population

A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn.

Counseling

A person appears to have certain adjustment issues with new people in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but seems to be have trouble making new friends. The psychologist most likely to be called upon to help the person would be a__________psychologist.

False

A random sample is selected so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

industrial

A(n) _____ psychologist focuses on the relationship between people and their work.

Hypothesis

A__________is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

hypothesis

A__________is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

Biological

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution Brandon's beliefs are consistent with the _____ perspective.

The humanistic-existential perspective is the process of using our own decision making to make choices that help us or hurt us since we are free to choose.

Briefly explain the humanistic-existential perspective.

sample

Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of 18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a__________.

True

Case studies are subject to inaccuracies.

True

Debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.

1. Be skeptical- Don't believe what people tell you until you can prove it for yourself. Be observant and know what's going on. 2. Insist on evidence- Always have all the information to come to a conclusion about something. 3. Examine definitions and terms- Look over the information so you understand it and make sure it makes sense in the context. 4. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments- Look over what is being concluded form the statements. 5. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence- Make sure the information are facts before assuming anything 6. Be especially skeptical of anecdotes- Make sure it is a reliable source who is telling the anecdote before passing it along 7. Consider alternative interpretations of research of evidence- Know that there is more than one way to interpret a passage or story. 8. Do not oversimplify- Be specific where needed when describing something. 9. Do not overgeneralize- Try to give as many details about the situation. 10. Apply critical thinking to all areas of your life - Think every situation through.

Discuss the principles of critical thinking.

Structuralism is composed of three basic elements. These elements include sensations, feelings, and images. These three come together to make an experience. Structuralism focuses on experience while functionalism focuses on the uses of our mind. Functionalism looks at the behavior and consciousness.

Distinguish between structuralism and functionalism.

health

Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between work stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter work stress. Erica's job is that of a__________psychologist.

humanistic-existential

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following the__________perspective.

False

Gestalt psychologists believe that maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

forensic

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is a(n) _____ psychologist.mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is a(n) _____ psychologist.

The survey method

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs a quick method of observation by which she can consolidate the data from her questionnaires without taking too much time. Which of the following methods should be recommended for Julie?

1. Be Skeptical 2. Insist on evidence 3. Examine definitions of terms 4. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments 5. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence 6. Be especially skeptical of anecdotes 7. Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence 8. Do not oversimplify 9. Do not overgeneralize

List the nine principles of critical thinking.

biological

Psychologists with a _________ perspective focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes.

cognitive

Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.

Psychoanalyst

Sean believes that many of our unconscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a__________.

an ethnic group

Sharon visited a small group of aborigines while she was in Australia. She interacted with them and understood their cultural heritage, race, and history. Which of the following terms would Sharon use to describe the group of aborigines?

False

Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

Reinforcement

Sofia doesn't like eating vegetables. To ensure that Sofia eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as__________.

functionalists

Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast,__________tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

informed consent

Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on work stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking__________.

Humanistic-existential

The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Introspection

The cognitive tradition has roots in Socrates' advice to "Know thyself" and in his suggested method of _____.

True

The cognitive tradition has roots in Socrates' advice to "Know thyself" and in his suggested method of introspection.

biological

The__________perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

Formulating a Research Question

When following the scientific method, psychologists usually begin a study by:

Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

Theories

Which of the following propose reasons for relationships among events and allow us to derive explanations and predictions?

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior.

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

It is designed to find solutions to particular problems.

Which of the following statements is true of applied research?

They focus on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness.

Which of the following statements is true of functionalists?

Structuralism argues that the mind consists of three basic elements: sensations, feelings, and images.

Which of the following statements is true of structuralism?

Neoanalysts

Which of the following terms refers to contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from term-31Freud?

Social-cognitive theorists

Which of the following theorists suggest that people can modify and create their environments?

Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called__________.

Wilhelm Wundt

_____ is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Structuralism

_________ attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, and mental images such as memories or dreams.

​Critical thinking

_________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

Psychology

_________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Counseling

_________ psychologists are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders.

Pure-research

__________has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has therefore been characterized as research for its own sake.

Behaviorism

__________is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable conduct.

Personality

__________psychologists are particularly concerned with issues such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles.

cognitive

__________psychologists investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.

evolutionary psychologists

__________suggest that much human social behavior, such as aggressive behavior and mate selection, has a hereditary basis.

William James

__________was a founder of the school of functionalism.