Psychology Chapter 10
Oral
Freud's first stage of psychosexual development, beginning at birth, is the _____ stage.
Genital
Freud's last stage of psychosexual development, which begins at puberty, is the _____ stage. latent
Oral
(0-18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth—sucking, biting, chewing
Anal
(18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic
(3-6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Latency
(6 to puberty) A phase of dormant sexual feelings
Genital
(puberty on) Maturation of sexual interests
Carl Rogers
A Person-Centered Perspective; Humans are primed to reach their potential in a growth-promoting environment; Acceptance (unconditional positive regard); Conditions of worth; Self-concept
The personality
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world is called what?
Projective
A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, is considered a _____ test.
Anus
According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, toddlers' (ages 18-36 months) erogenous zones are centered around which of the following?
A person becomes stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development.
According to Freud, a fixation occurs when what happens?
Latency or Latent
According to Freud, from about age 6 through puberty, children set aside interest in sexuality. Freud called this time the ______ period.
A young boy's desire to replace his father so he can enjoy his mother's affections
According to Freud, the Oedipus complex is which of the following?
The ego
According to Freud, the _______ must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego.
Ego
According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ deals with reality.
Individual
Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated to achieve perfection, not find pleasure. His approach is known as _____ psychology.
Id
An individual who thinks, "Sex is pleasurable, I want it," but also thinks "I feel guilty about having sex at all" is struggling with conflict between the_____ and the superego.
18 months
Around what age does the anal stage begin?
Birth
At what age does the oral stage begin?
Situationism
Behavior and personality vary across contexts
Reticular activation system theory (Eysenck)
Behavioral patterns aim to regulate arousal
Traits
Characteristic pattern of behavior or tendency to feel and act in a certain way; Personality is a stable and enduring pattern of behavior
Factors
Clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together; Biology and personality; Genes influence temperament
The Basics of the Social
Cognitive Perspective - Behavior is influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context; Reciprocal determinism: interacting influences; Past learning; Self-efficacy; Personal control
Unconscious
Compared to other approaches to personality, psychodynamic approaches put greater emphasis on _____mental processes
The unconscious
Defense mechanisms are an example of _____ processes.
Phallic
Freud's third stage of psychosexual development, occurring from ages 3 to 6 years, is the _____ stage.
Neo
Freudian and Later Psychodynamic Theorists - Adler, Horney, and Jung; Emphasized the conscious mind, Doubted that sex and aggression were allconsuming motivations, Emphasized social interactions
50
Heritability estimates for the big five personality traits are around _____ percent.
Sociocultural influences
Horney insisted that Freud's hypotheses needed to be supported with observable data and argued that _____ on the development of personality should also be considered.
Criticisms of Freud
Emphasis on sexual impulses; Development is lifelong; Emphasis on early family experience; Can the unconscious mind control behavior?
Contributions
Enduring ideas of the unconscious; Early life experience is important
The Basics of Psychodynamic Theories
Focus on the unconscious childhood experiences; Derived from Freud's psychoanalysis
The Basics of Humanistic Theories
Focus on ways healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization; Ask people to report their experiences and feelings experiences and feelings
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
ID feelings and interests through stories
Rorschach test
ID feelings by analyzing blot interpretations
Evaluate the morality of our behavior
In psychoanalytic theory, the superego's job is to do which of the following?
The Rorschach Test
In this projective test, people tell what they see in a series of symmetrical inkblots. Some who use this test are confident that the interpretation of ambiguous images will reveal unconscious aspects of the testtaker's personality
Adler
Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it?
Fixation
Freud felt that an individual might become stuck in a stage of psychosexual development if that person received too much or too little gratification during that stage. This is known as a(n) _____.
Psychoanalytic theory
The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to which of the following?
Freud on Personality
It's all about conflict; impulse and restraint
Id thought
The purpose of using repression is to push unacceptable ______ impulses back into the unconscious minds.
Repeatedly over time and in many different situations
Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves how?
True
True or false: Social cognitive theorists believe that we acquire a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings through observing others' behavior and that these observations form an important part of our personalities.
Behavioral genetics
Twin studies
Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray)
Two neurological systems shape personality
The id
What are an individual's unconscious drives and reservoir of sexual energy called?
To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?
From puberty through adulthood
When does the genital stage of psychosexual development occur, according to Freud?
He was unduly preoccupied with sexuality. He did not give sufficient attention to sociocultural factors. He underestimated the importance of conscious thought.
Which of the following are problems with Freud's theory, as cited by modern critics? (Select all that apply.)
Phallic Genital Anal Oral
Which of the following are the psychosexual stages as outlined by Freud? (Select all that apply.)
It triggers the Oedipus complex. It typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age.
Which of the following are true of the psychoanalytic phallic stage of development? (Select all that apply.)
Unconscious ia not
Which of the following is NOT one of the psychosexual stages outlined by Freud?
Self-actualization
Which of the following is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being?
They are not widely accepted today.
Which of the following is true of Freud's ideas?
Sigmund Freud
Which theorist most strongly suggested that unconscious processes influence personality?
Humanistic Perspectives Contributions
Wide-ranging influence
Superego
You know you are about to do something your parents would not approve of. In other words, your _____ is warning you that you are about to make a mistake. superego
The superego
Your friend went out to drink last night, even though he knew he should have stayed in and studied for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is causing the guilt he felt about it afterward?
Horney
_____ believed that the need for security is the primary motive in human existence.
Behavioral
_____ genetics is the study of the inherited underpinnings of characteristics.
Observational learning
_____, also called imitation or modeling, occurs when a person learns from watching and imitating another's behavior.
Traits Contributions
are linked to health, thinking, careers success, and relationships; Help predict a person's average behavior
Ego
conscious executive
Superego
ideals, standards of judgment
Personality
is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.
Id
unconscious psychic energy
Social Cognitive Perspective
Mischel
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
HP Criticisms
Overestimate our freedom and rationality; Could attitudes lead to negative outcomes?; Human capacity for "evil" is not recognized
Personality Assessment
Projective Tests
Repression
Pushing unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind is called _____.
Actualization
Self-_____ is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.
CAPS model of personality
Stability over time; How personality works
Personality Assessment: The Humanistic Perspective
Standardized assessment of personality is depersonalizing; Interviews and intimate conservations are critical
Defense Mechanisms
The Ego protects; Repression
identifying as a member of one's own gender being sexually attracted to the opposite sex
The Oedipus complex is typically resolved by the child _____. (Select all that apply.)
Trait
The _____ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors.
Psychodynamic
The _____ theory views personality as primarily unconscious.
The psychodynamic
The _____ theory views personality as primarily unconscious.
An unconscious thought process
The id is exclusively _____.
Traits Criticisms
Dismisses situational factors; Misses the nuances of an individual's personality
Nonsexual interests
During the latency period, the child focuses on which of the following?
Social Cognitive Perspectives Contributions
Theories are built from cognition and learning research, and observation of behavior
Biological Perspectives Contributions
Theories are built from learning research, brain imaging, and evolutionary theory
BP Criticisms
Theories can't tell us whether biology is the cause or the effect
SCP Criticisms
Theories focus more on the situation than a person's inner traits; Ignores biology; Specific predictions make generalization impossible