Psychology Chapter 10

Bulimia

About 1 to 2% of the population will be diagnosed with this. Weight control through self-induced vomiting with laxatives, or self-induced directics. It starts usually in the late teens vs. the early teens. The person is fully aware that the behavior is abnormal. This person is usually not a thin person, they are average weight or slightly over. (unexplainable disappearances, drug users).

Adolescence (11-18 years) Identity vs. Role Confusion

Acquires sense of own identity; or is confused about role in life. Identity is feeling good about who one is, with whom one is associated. It is generally a stage of change through school, puberty, sexual changes, acceptance phase. Children began thinking about deep topics. Parents should answer questions from child in a timely manner, completely, and at the level the child ask.

Child abuse

An active attack against the welfare of child.

Principled Level

At this level, we judge actions on the basis of ethical principles rather than consequences to us (as in the first two stages). The most advanced moral reasoning within this stage, according to Kohlberg, is based on one's principles of moraility, even if they differ from the rules of the larger community. (moral development)

Stage Theories of Development

Breaks the lifespan up into stages and delineate certain expectations at those stages. The challenges of a specific stage can only be dealt with once the previous stage is dealt with.

Sensorimotor Stage: Birth- 2 years

Deals with reality in terms of sensations and motor movements. Children are unable to reason in mental symbols.(Cognitive Development)

"nature" (biology) "nurture" (environment)

Development is the product of the combined forces of?

Adulthood(40-65 years) Generativity vs. Stagnation

Develops concern with helping others and leaving children, products, and ideas to future generations; or becomes self-centered and stagnant.

Young adulthood (18-40 years) Intimacy vs. Isolation

Develops couple relationship and joint identity with partner; or becomes isolated from meaningful relationships with others. They start to develop close personal relationships with a few significant others. There are two important decisions that people make during this time.

Konrad Lorenz

Discovered imprinting and the behavior and development of the graylag goose. Imprinting is a form of early learning that occurs in some animals during a critical period. (EX: Geese who follow anybody who they see fit to follow after they are first born).

Play Age (3-5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt

Gains ability to use own initiative in planning and carrying out plans; or, if cannot live within parents' limits, develops a sense of guilt over misbehavior. It is important to let the child experiment and take initiative to try new things. The child must feel comfortable about sampling its environment. They like to do make believe things.

Opposite of Stage

Group sees people as going through a series of abrupt changes from one stage to the next. These people learn towards a view of behavior "unfolding" over time. This is mostly due to biological maturation. Believe that when changes occurs from one stage to the next that makes people "qualitatively" different (different in kind). They believe that all people must pass through the same qualitatively different stages in the same order. Stages are biologically programmed to occur in a fixed order. The transition from one stage to the next is a gradual blending, like colors in a rainbow.

Wives complaints

Husband is selfish and inconsiderate Husband is unsuccessful in business Husband is untruthful Husband complains too much Husband does not show affection

Biological

In developmental psychology, the term nature refers to what factors that influence development?

Envrionmental

In developmental psychology, the term nurture refers to what factors that influence development?

Morality as Equality

In the most advanced stage of moral development, the person views his or her own needs as equal to those of others. Persons at this stage of moral development have progressed from believing that they must always please others at the expense of their own wishes to a belief that everyone's needs should be met when possible and that sacrifices should be shared equally when the needs of different persons cannot all be met. This is a stage of advocacy of nonviolence--it is not right for anyone to be intentionally hurt, including the person himself or herself.

Early Childhood (1-3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame

Learns sense of competence by learning to feed self, use toilet, play alone; or feels ashamed and doubts own abilities. A child must be allowed to reach out on its own and make choices to explore. There is a middle line that must be found between allowing the child to explore and keeping the child safe.

Infancy Stage (0-1 years) Basic trust vs. Mistrust

Learns to feel comfortable and trust parents' care; or develops a deep distrust of a world that is perceived to be unsafe. (Feed child, take care of sanitary issues, and nurture).The security and peacefulness of a child's environment is extremely important.

Conventional Level

Level where children make moral decisions on the basis of what they think others will think of them, particularly parents and other persons of authority. Because society's rules, or conventions, state is what is expected of them, persons at this level of moral development make more decisions based on rules. (moral development)

Premoral Level

Level where young children have no sense of morality as adults understand it. They make moral judgments to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. (moral development)

Eric Erickson

Man who came up with a eight stage theory of development. He said that every stage dealt with crises that would determine the course of the individuals future.

Psychological Motives

Motives related to the individuals happiness and well-being, but not to survival. These are learned or culture related. They vary in the degree to which they are influenced by experience.

Lahey's list of motives.

Need for new or changed experiences Arousal and Performance Affiliation

Stage

One of several time periods in development that is qualitatively distinct from the periods that come before and after. These people learn "molding" view by which they interpret behavior. This is mostly due to increasing experience. Believe that when changes gradually occur it makes people different in amount. The human gains more and more knowledge and experience about their gradual changes.

Child neglect

Passive attack against the welfare of a child.

Hypothalamus

Plays the controlling role in the motivation of hunger.

Emotion

Positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physiological arousal and related behavior. An emotional arousal is followed by a motivation that stems from that emotion.

Learning Emotions Incentives

Psychological factors over the regulation of biological motives?

Maturity(65 years to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Reaps benefits of earlier stages and understands and accepts meaning of a temporary life; or despairs over ever being able to find meaning in life. 2 Timothy 4:7 when Paul wrote a letter basically saying "I have fought well a fight that was worth fighting."

Biological Motives

Related to survival instincts or desire to live. Stems from the need for things that keep the human alive. (motives for food, water, and warmth, sexual).

Anorexia

Self starvation through diet, exercise, and usually some combination of the two. Frequency of this is in the general population is less than 1%. The frequency of this in males is creeping up. The victim of a legit diagnosis does not think of her behavior as abnormal. The individual is usually a driven person that likes to succeed. They more likely starve themselves them exercise. (Extreme weight loss, excuses for not eating, social or emotional withdraws from conversations about food).

Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11 years

Stage where child has the ability to reason like an adult except for abstract concepts. (Cognitive Development)

Preoperational Stage: 2-7 years

Stage where child is cable of symbolic thought. It is often illogical though. (Cognitive Development)

Formal Operational Stage: 11 years on

Stage where most have progressed to full adult cognition. Person can reason using abstract concepts.(Cognitive Development)

Lewis Terman

Studied how psychological factors affect a person's life span. Studied a group of schoolchildren who were studied frequently across their lifespan. He found that someone's psychological state did affect life span.

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

Studied the mental process of dying. Had interviews with terminally ill patients and developed a theory that people who are nearing their impending death go through a series of stages. Denial- resisting the idea of death by denying illness Anger- reacts in anger to his impending death Bargaining- Person fully realizes death is coming, and tries to strike bargains to prolong his life. Depression-Reality of impending death leads to a loss of hope. Acceptance-Person finally achieves an acceptance of death

Carol Gilligan

Suggests Kohlberg's theory is not accurate for girls. She concluded that males and females reasoning and understanding of morals is different and comes from a different perspective.

Jean Piaget

Swiss scholar who studied the development of cognition in children. He created the Stage Theory of cognitive development.

maturation

Systematic physical growth of the body, including what? (EX: role it plays in a kid potty training)

Developmental Psychology

The field of psychology that focuses on development across the life span.

Motivation

The internal state or condition that activates and gives direction to our thoughts, feelings, and actions. They are the center of our lives. They arouse and direct what we think, feel, and do.

Development

The more-or-less predictable changes in behavior associated with increasing age.

Morality as Self-Sacrifice

The next stage of moral reasoning is attained after becoming aware of the needs of others. In this stage, the person believes that, to be good and to be approved of by others, they must sacrifice their own needs and meet the needs of others.

Autonomy

The right to make a decision that affects yourself; self government.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that conscious emotional experiences and physiological reactions and behavior are relatively independent events.

Cognitive Theory

The theory that the cognition interpretation of events in the outside world and stimuli from our own bodies is the key factor in emotions.

Morality as Individual Survival

The young child's first sense of what is "right" is what is good for him or her. Young children follow rules to obtain rewards for themselves and to avoid punishment.

James-Lange Theory

Theory that conscious emotional experiences are caused by feedback to the cerebral cortex from physiological reactions and behavior.

Harry and Margaret Harlow

They studied the role of early social experiences in development. They raised a group of infant monkeys in isolation until 6 months old and this had detrimental affects on their social behavior. They concluded that abnormal experiences on humans have a bad affect, but are unsure as to weather this can be reversed.

Lawrence Kohlberg

This man created the stage theory of moral development. He presented boys with moral dilemmas and asked them for evaluations. He concluded that we pass through three major levels of moral reasoning.

Information about motives and emotion

Thy arousal of emotions activates behavior as motives do. Motives are often accompanied by emotions. The motive to perform well on a test if accompanied by anxiety . Emotions typically have motivational properties of their own. Because you are in love, you are motivated to be with that person.

Cognitive Development Psychomotor Development Moral Development Psychological Development Social Development

What are the stage theories of Development?

Decisions to marry made too quickly Decision made at too young an age Couple has unrealistic expectations Decision is made primarily in romantic grounds ETC.

Why do marriages sometimes fail?

Husband's complaints

Wife nags me Wife is not affectionate Wife is selfish and inconsiderate Wife complains too much Wife interferes with my hobbies

Questions asked at Young adulthood stage

Will I marry and should I marry? If to marry whom to marry?

Latency(Real life play) (5-11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority(lack of confidence)

`Learns to meet demands imposed by school and home responsibilities; or comes to believe that he or she is inferior to others. Children become interested in doing real life things, not pretend or fantasy. If the child is hindered he will feel inferior. Allowing the child to practice real life things will teach him a good set of skills.

Homeostatic Mechanisms

internal body mechanisms that sense biological imbalances and stimulate actions to restore the proper balance.