psychology chapter 12

What is schizophrenia? What are its symptoms?

A severe psychological disorder that touches every aspect of a persons life. It is characterized by disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood, as well as withdrawal and absorption in daydreams or fantasy. The positive symptoms are the inappropriate kinds of behavior we find in afflicted people, like agitated behavior,vivid hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. negative symptoms are those that reflect the absence of appropriate behavior. They are flat, emotionless voices, blank faces, rigid, motionless bodies, and the refusal to talk. they can have problems in thinking and language and problems in actions, emotions, and social interaction.

​Sarah's thinking is considered to be peculiar. She mixes up words from different languages and strings them along in rambling sentences. She plays out her fantasy of living in a world of cotton candy all day. However, she does not suffer from hallucinations or delusions. Sarah is displaying symptoms of _____.

​schizotypal personality disorder

_________ is a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled.

Stupor

__________is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.

anxiety-disorder

The__________of conversion disorders holds that it is a form of self-hypnosis.

biopsychosocial-perspective

Amanda can't stand to be in a crowded room, get on an elevator, or sit in the middle of a row. It interferes with her job performance and prevents her from enjoying leisure activities. Which anxiety disorder does Amanda exhibit?

Agoraphobia

While in a bus, a man overhears a discussion about a person who is about to be terminated from his job. The man believes that the people on the bus are talking about him and that he has been targeted. Which of the following delusions does the man demonstrate?

Delusions of reference

People with _________ insist that they are suffering from a serious physical malady, even though no medical evidence of sickness can be found.

illness anxiety disorder

People with__________insist that they are suffering from a serious physical malady, even though no medical evidence of sickness can be found.

illness-anxiety-disorder

Cory was driving when an accident killed his best friend who was sitting in the car with him. However, Cory escaped uninjured. When he woke up the next morning, he couldn't remember where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting:

dissociative amnesia.

Jane has episodes where she can't remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothing in her closet that she does not wear and doesn't know how it got there. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane seems to be exhibiting:

dissociative identity disorder.

A person with__________is suddenly unable to recall important personal information.

dissociative-amnesia

The central symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is persistent anxiety that can be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

false

People with__________feel an overpowering need to accumulate certain kinds of possessions and have difficulty discarding them.

hoarding-disorder

People with panic attacks tend to:

misinterpret bodily cues and to view them as threats.

The difference between major depressive disorder and run-of-the-mill depression is that:

the feeling of lack of energy, low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities is more intense in people with major depressive disorder.

People with _________ have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression.

​bipolar disorder

The loss of memory to a person with dissociative amnesia can be attributed to organic problems such as a blow to the head or alcoholic intoxication.

false

__________is an abrupt anxiety attack that is apparently unrelated to specific objects or situations.

Panic-disorder

Somatoform disorders are characterized by:

a complaint of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that one has a serious disease when one does not exist.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological disorders?

Socially acceptable behavior

__________is a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality.

Hallucination

__________is a disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear, avoidance.

post-traumatic-stress-disorder

The diathesis-stress model assumes that there may be biological differences between individuals that explain why some people develop certain psychological disorders under stress, whereas others do not.

true

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may:

make huge contributions to charity.

People with mood disorders:

may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events.

A person with _________ is suddenly unable to recall important personal information.

dissociative amnesia

Schizophrenia is characterized by

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood.

People with depersonalization-derealization disorder:

experience episodes of feeling detached from themselves or feeling that the world around them is unreal.

_________ is a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety.

​Neuroticism

Katie is excessively fearful of meeting new people. She eats at her desk at work to avoid any social contact with her coworkers and consistently refuses their invitations to go out for parties. Psychologists will most likely diagnose Katie with__________.

social-phobia

People with generalized anxiety disorder:

suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

People with delusional disorder hold persistent, clearly delusional beliefs, often involving paranoid themes.

true

Amnesia is frequently associated with__________.

dissociative-disorders

Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____.

bipolar disorder

Somatoform disorders involve:

complaints of physical problems.

__________is characterized by feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration.

Generalized-anxiety-disorder

A man witnessed an explosion in which a coworker died, and soon after, he lost his vision. Despite many neurological tests, doctors could find no organic basis for the man's loss of eyesight. A psychological explanation for this incident is:

conversion disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder:

may occur months or years after the event.

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house will get robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from _____.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Sarah's thinking is considered to be peculiar. She mixes up words from different languages and strings them along in rambling sentences. She plays out her fantasy of living in a world of cotton candy all day. However, she does not suffer from hallucinations or delusions. Sarah is displaying symptoms of__________.

schizotypal-personality-disorder

What is dissociative amnesia?

selective memory loss brought on by extreme stress. presence of one or more episodes of inability to recall important personal information. Memory disturbance related to traumatic/stressful event and is too extensive to be considered ordinary forgetfulness. forget whole years of your life (though still know who you are)

Explain in detail the origins of dissociative amnesia.

Dissociative amnesia has been linked to overwhelming stress, which may be caused by traumatic events such as war, abuse, accidents, or disasters. The person may have suffered the trauma or just witnessed it. There also seems to be a genetic (inherited) connection in dissociative amnesia, as close relatives often have the tendency to develop amnesia.

__________is a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge.

Dissociative-identity-disorder

__________is the erroneous belief that one is being victimized or made to suffer.

Ideas-of-persecution

Explain in detail the characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder.

It can be characterized by a rapid heartbeat, feeling of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic experience. The traumatic event is revisited in the form of intrusive memories, recurrent dreams, and flashbacks. people with PTSD typically try to avoid thoughts and activities connected to the traumatic event. they may find it more difficult to enjoy life, and often have sleep problems, irritable outbursts, difficulty concentrating, extreme vigilance, and an intensified "startle" response

_________ is characterized by indifference to relationships and flat emotional response.

Schizoid personality disorder

__________is characterized by indifference to relationships and flat emotional response.

Schizoid-personality-disorder

Terry was molested by her male colleague a week ago. Since then, she has been overwhelmed with feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Her doctor refers to her condition as:

acute stress disorder.

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder? Explain with an example.

obsessive-compulsive disorder is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety. An example of this would be a woman becoming obsessed with the idea that she had contaminated her hands with Sami-Flush and that the chemicals were spreading to everything she touched and so she continuously washed her hands.

Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is a star performer at work. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of__________.

schizoid-personality-disorder

Psychological disorders are:

sometimes characterized by anxiety.

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he is an evil person who will murder somebody, even though he is not capable of the heinous act. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

People with__________do not show the grossly disorganized thinking of paranoid schizophrenia.

paranoid-personality-disorder

People with _________ complain of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease.

​somatoform disorder

​_________ is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.

Anxiety disorder

__________is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety.

Obsessive-compulsive-disorder

_________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.

Specific phobias

Miguel, an unusually uncontrollable child, runs around the house endlessly, has little sleep, and often has temper tantrums. His mother exclaims to the family doctor, "I swear that kid is possessed!" In this scenario, which perspective on psychological disorders is she most likely to hold?

The demonological model

A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that both:

are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.

Kim has a poor appetite and has experienced a severe weight loss. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She often has feelings of unworthiness and guilt for things she has not done. She no longer cares about life and talks about death, and how she would welcome it. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with _____.

​major depressive disorder

Conversion disorder is characterized by:

a major change in, or loss of, physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning.

A young man is having trouble getting along with his roommate. Sometimes, his roommate does not speak for days. On other days, he speaks rapidly and nonstop, and is often abrasive and aggressive. The roommate is showing symptoms suggesting:

bipolar disorder.

Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of__________.

bipolar-disorder

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary has:

both positive and negative symptoms.

Fraternal twins are much more likely to both have anxiety disorder than identical twins.

false

People with schizoid personality disorder show instability in their relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses.

false

Kim has a poor appetite and has experienced a severe weight loss. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She often has feelings of unworthiness and guilt for things she has not done. She no longer cares about life and talks about death, and how she would welcome it. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with__________.

major-depressive-disorder

Individuals who have experienced severe trauma or victimization may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual traumatic experience. For example, disaster victims or war veterans often have their first symptoms many months after the actual events. These patients are diagnosed as suffering from:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is a star performer at work. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of _____.

schizoid personality disorder

__________is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.

Acute-stress-disorder

Delmar believes that he has been sent to Earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to, or associates with, a female is doomed to a life as a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are untrue. Which of the following does Delmar demonstrate?

Delusions

Describe personality disorders. Explain any three in detail along with their cause.

Personality disorders are enduring patterns of behavior. Personality disorders are inflexible and maladaptive. they impair a personal or social functioning and are a source of distress to the individual or to other people. Paranoid personality disorder is the tendency to interpret other peoples behavior as threatening or demeaning. They are mistrustful of others, and their relationships suffer for it. They may be suspicious of coworkers and supervisors, but they can generally hold a job. The cause for this disorder is unknown. However, researchers believe that it is caused by a combination of biological and environmental factors. Schizoid personality disorder is the indifference to relationships and flat emotional response. They tend to have few friends and rarely maintain long-term relationships. They do very well on the job provided that continuous social interaction is not required. Schizotypal personality disorder is the peculiarity of thought, perception, or behavior, such as excessive fantasy and suspiciousness, feelings of being unreal, or the odd use of words. there are no complex delusions, hallucinations, or unusual motor activities.

Briefly explain the contemporary psychological models.

The diathesis-stress model assumes that there may be biological differences between individuals that explain why some people develop certain psychological disorders under stress, whereas others do not. The biopsychosocial model explains psychological disorders in terms of a combination of biological vulnerabilities, psychological factors such as exposure to stress, and sociocultural factors such as family relationships and cultural beliefs.

Sanchez, an 8-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to a make-believe group of friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused brain damage." Which perspective on psychological disorders does she hold?

The medical model