Psychology Chapter 13, Psychology Chapter 12, Psychology Chapter 11, Psychology Chapter 14

Lisa is a single parent of three children. During the course of each week, she prepares meals, shops for grocery, and takes care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like, but cannot quit as she is concerned about meeting her everyday expenses. Psychologists refer to these stresses as__________.

daily-hassles

On a(n) _________ level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred.​

emotional

In client-centered therapy, _________ refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings.​

empathy

Shaina is about to give her first speech in class. She is nervous and hopes she doesn't forget her points in front of the whole class. The presence of the class is not likely to facilitate her performance due to:

evaluation apprehension.

When an individual can no longer cope with ongoing stress and becomes ill, he or she has reached the__________of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion-stage

A form of group therapy that may be undertaken from the systems approach is called__________.

family-therapy

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group therapy?

It is less expensive than individual sessions.

In psychoanalysis, which of the following statements best describes catharsis?

It is the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them.

Which of the following is a difference between life changes and daily hassles?

Life changes occur at irregular intervals, whereas daily hassles occur regularly.

__________can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress.

Life-changes

Explain the gender differences in the selection of a romantic partner.

Men tend to place relatively greater emphasis on physical allure, cooking ability, even thrift. They tend to put more emphasis on physical appearance. Women tend to place greater emphasis on traits such as professional status, consideration, dependability, kindness, and fondness for children. Women tend to put more emphasis on personal factors.

_________ is a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety.​

Neuroticism

According to Albert Ellis, which of the following is true of beliefs?

Our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, can be stressors.

Which of the following is true of coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to CHD.

People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

True

People with body dysmorphic disorder are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking.

True

Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system.

True

Stress and pathogens interact to influence the immune system.

True

Stress elevates blood levels of cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) and heightens the probability that the Epstein-Barr virus will be reactivated.

True

How do Type A people differ from Type B people?

Type A people are highly drive, competitive, impatient, hostile, aggressive-so much that they are prone to getting into auto-accidents. Type B relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life. They show lower blood pressure than type A. Type B are less impatient. Type A earn higher grades and more money.

Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform?

Valuing being right over being liked

According to Aaron Beck, clients may engage in__________, which means looking at the world in black and white rather than in shades of gray.

absolutist-thinking

Sheena's brother was recently killed by a drunk driver. Students from an organization against drunk driving ask her to sign a petition and donate to their cause. She is glad to help them because she is still grieving her brother's death. This scenario demonstrates how the _____ of her attitude influences her behavior.​

accessibility

Terry was molested by her male colleague a week ago. Since then, she has been overwhelmed with feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Her doctor refers to her condition as:

acute stress disorder.

According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall, there is often social and economic__________between people of different races and religions.

conflict

People are said to__________when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms.

conform

In the early 1950s, a classic experiment on__________was conducted by Solomon Asch.

conformity

Lisa has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation, she meets with a group of friends to discuss what they plan to wear to the party. Lisa then decides what to wear based on everybody's opinion. Lisa's behavior demonstrates:

conformity.

Ever since Mark and Tracy met each other at a party thrown by a mutual friend, they have been fascinated with each other. They care about each other deeply, and realize that they want a special relationship with each other for the rest of their lives. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, their feelings are known as:

consummate love.

People are more likely to act on their attitudes when they have a vested interest in the outcome.

True

Briefly explain the four essentials of psychotherapy.

1. Systematic interaction- It is an interaction between a client and therapist. It determines how they interact with each other. 2. Psychological principles- It is based on psychological theory and research in personality, learning, motivation, and emotion. 3. Thoughts, feelings, and behavior- This type of therapy influences these aspects. 4. Psychological disorders, adjustment problems, and personal growth- It is used to help people with disorders, problems they have, and help clients learn more about themselves.

What are two qualities of Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy?

Active and directive

__________is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.

Acute-stress-disorder

Discuss the associations between illnesses (such as cancer and coronary heart disease) and racial and ethnic background.

African Americans are more prone to hypertension and heart disease than European Americans. Asian Americans and Latin Americans are less likely than European Americans, Native Americans, or African Americans to die of heart disease or stroke. Early diagnosis and treatment might help decrease the racial gap. Cancer death rates are higher in nations with higher rates of fat intake.

Amanda can't stand to be in a crowded room, get on an elevator, or sit in the middle of a row. It interferes with her job performance and prevents her from enjoying leisure activities. Which anxiety disorder does Amanda exhibit?

Agoraphobia

_________ is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.​

Altruism

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor recommends that she take some drugs. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

Antidepressant

Explain antipsychotic drugs in brief.

Antipsychotic drugs are thought to act by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. They reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.

__________is characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax.

Anxiety-disorder

Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she cannot see animals suffering from illnesses. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?

Approach-avoidance conflict

__________refers to the systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors.

Behavior-therapy

Which of the following is a difference between client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy?

Client-centered therapy is nondirective, while Gestalt therapy is directive.

Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal, so he can cope with his work more effectively. Which of the following approaches does Susan use?

Cognitive therapy

A professor is active in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches, in addition to his normal duties. According to Kobasa, which of the following characteristic of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?

Commitment

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is the ideal form of love?

Consummate love

Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress.

False

Delmar believes that he has been sent to Earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to, or associates with, a female is doomed to a life as a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are untrue. Which of the following does Delmar demonstrate?

Delusions

What is dissociative amnesia?

Dissociative amnesia is a dissociative disorder marked by loss of memory or self-identity; skills and general knowledge are usually retained. It is the sudden inability to recall important personal information. The most common example is when the person cannot recall events for a number of hours after a stressful incident, as in warfare.

__________is a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge.

Dissociative-identity-disorder

Which of these factors does NOT contribute to aggressive behavior?

Empathy

What is Hans Selye's term for strain that is healthful?

Eustress

According to psychiatrist Aaron Beck, clients make the cognitive error of minimizing the importance of negative events.

False

According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction.

False

Electroconvulsive therapy has no side effects.

False

Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim.

False

In aversive conditioning, an aversive stimuli is paired with a painful behavior in order to increase that behavior.

False

In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

False

People with schizoid personality disorder show instability in their relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses.

False

Predictability is of greater benefit to externals—that is, to people who wish to exercise control over their situations—than to internals.

False

Psychological disorders are predictable responses to specific events, such as, experiencing a panic attack when you realize a term paper is due the next day.

False

The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.

False

The central symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is persistent anxiety that can be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

False

Obsessions are so compelling and recurrent that they disrupt daily life.

True

Raul goes to a therapist. The therapist asks him to relax by lying on a couch and encourages him to talk about anything that comes to his mind. Through this process, the therapist hopes for some unconscious information to be revealed. Which of the following psychoanalytic techniques does the therapist use?

Free association

From the__________, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by observation of other people acting aggressively.

From the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by observation of other people acting aggressively. See "Aggression" from chapter 14 for more information.

__________is characterized by feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months' duration.

Generalized-anxiety-disorder

__________was originated by Fritz Perls.

Gestalt-therapy

__________is a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality.

Hallucination

Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.

Which brain structure is associated with aggression in nonhumans?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following is true of cognitive therapy?

It focuses directly on thoughts and encourages ideas that help individuals solve problems.

Which of the following is true of psychotherapy?

It influences clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is true of passion?

It involves fascination (preoccupation with the loved one), sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness.

Explain in detail the characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Post traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a rapid heart rate, feelings of anxiety, and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic experience. It is also characterized by features such as intense fear and avoidance.

What are psychological disorders? Explain its characteristics in detail.

Psychological disorders are patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning. It's characterized by anxiety. They are unusual, suggest faulty perception or interpretation of reality, suggest severe personal distress, self defeating, dangerous, and the behavior of the individual is socially unacceptable.

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have not abated. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

Rebound anxiety

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to attraction?

Reciprocity

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of group therapy?

Relationship problems are magnified.

What are the risk factors associated with cancer?

Risk factors for cancer include: smoking, drinking more than a drink or two a day, eating animal fats, sunbathing, which may cause skin cancer sue to exposure of ultraviolet light, depression, or stress.

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

Explain Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love in brief.

Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love has three main components. These are intimacy, passion, and commitment. The six smaller parts include liking, compassionate love, empathy love, fatuous love, infatuation, and romantic love. The ideal form of love is consummate love combines all three. Passion is crucial for short term relationships. Intimacy and commitment are more important in enduring relationships.

_________ is characterized by disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood, as well as withdrawal and absorption in daydreams or fantasy.​

Schizophrenia

__________refers to a behavior-therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that utilizes self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback.

Social-skills-training

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological disorders?

Socially acceptable behavior

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

Stereotyping may lead people to view members of groups in a biased fashion.

​ _____ is a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust.

Stress

__________is a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled.

Stupor

Which hormone is associated with the tendency to dominate and control others?

Testosterone

What are the advantages of group therapy?

The advantages of group therapy are: 1. It is economical. It allows the therapist to work with several clients at once. 2. Compared with one-to-one therapy, group therapy provides more information and life experience for clients to draw on. 3. Appropriate behavior receives group support. Clients usually appreciate an outpouring of peer approval. 4. When we run into troubles, it is easy to imagine that we are different from other people. Affiliating with people with similar problems is reassuring. 5. Those who show improvement within the group give hope to others. 6. The people in the groups can role-play with other people.

Explain how the approach-approach conflict differs from the avoidance-avoidance conflict.

The approach-approach conflict is the least stressful type of conflict. Each of two goals is desirable and both within reach. Avoidance-avoidance conflict is more stressful because you are motivated to avoid each of two negative goals. However, avoiding one requires approaching the other.

According to Bardem & Tormala (2014) and Bohner & Dickel (2011), what are the factors that affect the likelihood that people can predict behavior from attitudes?

The factors include: 1. Specificity 2. Strength of attitudes 3. Vested interest 4. Accessibility

What are the various qualities of a client-centered therapy?

The qualities of this type of therapist are unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. The therapy itself creates a warm, therapeutic atmosphere that encourages self-exploration and self-expression.

What is the reason for using the term Gestalt in Gestalt therapy?

The term was used to signify Perls's interest in giving the conflicting parts of the personality an integrated form or shape.

What are the various sources of prejudice?

The various sources are: 1. Dissimilarity 2. Social conflict 3. Social learning 4. Information processing 5. Social categorization

Which of the following is true of people with Type A behavior pattern?

They dominate group discussions.

Which of the following is true of client-centered therapists?

They have unconditional positive regard for their clients.

Which of the following is the aim of traditional psychoanalysis?

To provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of a person's problems

Discrimination refers to behavior that results from prejudice.

True

Gestalt therapy assumes that people disown parts of themselves that might meet with social disapproval or rejection.

True

In cases of domestic violence, it is usually the partner with less power in a relationship that is the violent one.

True

In rational emotive behavior therapy, Albert Ellis pointed out that our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, shape our responses to them.

True

Lack of social comparison was a factor contributing to why people complied in the Milgram studies.

True

Many psychological disorders experienced by Native Americans involve the disruption of their traditional culture caused by European colonization.

True

Steve's physician has prescribed medication that belongs to a class of chemicals known as benzodiazepines. Steve is most likely to be treated for _____.​

anxiety

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he has to choose between the two schools. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):

approach-approach conflict.

A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that both:

are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.

Sheetal is reluctant to go home for the Christmas holidays as she does not have a good relationship with her parents. The tension starts even before she arrives. Her _____ leaves her feeling miserable. ​

attitude

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as _________.​

attitudes

The__________of conversion disorders holds that it is a form of self-hypnosis.

biopsychosocial-perspective

People with__________are preoccupied with exaggerated or imagined physical defects; continuous hair pulling, and compulsive skin-picking.

body-dysmorphic-disorder

To__________is to interpret negative events as being disastrous or to "blow out of proportion."

catastrophize

Irrational beliefs compound misery and foster helplessness by:

catastrophizing the extent of loss.

Mark, a cancer patient, has decided to face his disease with courage and make whatever adjustments necessary to enjoy the rest of his life. According to Kobasa, Mark demonstrates the__________characteristic of psychologically hardy people.

challenge

A man witnessed an explosion in which a coworker died, and soon after, he lost his vision. Despite many neurological tests, doctors could find no organic basis for the man's loss of eyesight. A psychological explanation for this incident is:

conversion disorder.

John is an executive who has a stressful job that frequently requires him to work overtime. He is also overweight because he does not exercise enough. Due to office politics, he has a lot of bottled-in anger. He is most likely at risk for:

coronary heart disease.

Danny is reading a book in school. When he isn't looking, a girl steps on Danny's toe. The teacher, who observed this, believes the girl stepped on Danny's toe because she is malicious. In the context of social perception, the teacher is making a__________.

dispositional-attribution

Cory was driving when an accident killed his best friend who was sitting in the car with him. However, Cory escaped uninjured. When he woke up the next morning, he couldn't remember where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting:

dissociative amnesia.

According to psychodynamic therapy, psychological problems reflect:

early childhood experiences and inner conflicts.

Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates__________.

intimacy

Ever since Michelle failed her biology final, she has been thinking that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This demonstrates what psychologist Albert Ellis calls:

irrational beliefs.

According to Perrett's 1994 study of people in England and Japan, both British and Japanese men consider women with__________to be most attractive.

large-eyes--high-cheekbones--and-narrow-jaw

The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be reduced by:

lowering LDL serum cholesterol.

Posttraumatic stress disorder:

may occur months or years after the event.

People with panic attacks tend to:

misinterpret bodily cues and to view them as threats.

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of__________in the brain.

noradrenaline

Michael's boss tells him to report to work at 4:00 a.m. the next day. Michael is not happy about arriving at work at such an unusual hour, yet he does as told. In the context of social influence, his behavior is an example of:

obedience to authority.

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he is an evil person who will murder somebody, even though he is not capable of the heinous act. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

​Evan and Amy are physically attracted to each other and can't stand being apart. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates _________.

passion

Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of disease-causing organisms called__________.

pathogens

The group effect called _________ is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision-making.​

polarization

Individuals who have experienced severe trauma or victimization may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual traumatic experience. For example, disaster victims or war veterans often have their first symptoms many months after the actual events. These patients are diagnosed as suffering from:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

A reason why people tend to have partners from the same background is _________.​

propinquity

Type B people:

relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life.

Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is a star performer at work. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of__________.

schizoid-personality-disorder

The belief that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts is called__________.

self-efficacy-expectation

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has high__________.

self-efficacy-expectations

The Pittsburgh Steelers are playing a game in their home stadium. The stadium is full of fans. They are likely to do their best because so many of the fans are cheering them on to victory. In the context of group behavior, this is the result of:

social facilitation.

Katie is excessively fearful of meeting new people. She eats at her desk at work to avoid any social contact with her coworkers and consistently refuses their invitations to go out for parties. Psychologists will most likely diagnose Katie with__________.

social-phobia

In the context of the Milgram studies, despite the expressed American ideal of independence, we are _________ from early childhood to obey authority figures such as parents and teachers.​

socialized

According to the different kinds of social support,__________involves making conversation, recreation, and even going shopping with someone.

socializing

Psychological disorders are:

sometimes characterized by anxiety.

People with generalized anxiety disorder:

suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

The difference between major depressive disorder and run-of-the-mill depression is that:

the feeling of lack of energy, low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities is more intense in people with major depressive disorder.

Sunny and Clara went for a lunch date, but Sunny could only stammer and stutter throughout the meal because he was nervous. Clara was deeply disappointed. Several weeks later, she decided to give Sunny a second chance. The next meeting passed without mishap and it was almost as if the first awkward meeting had never happened. Clara was so happy that she rewarded Sunny with a kiss. In terms of social perception, Clara's behavior is due to:

the recency effect.

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in an exhaustion stage,__________.

the-muscles-become-fatigued-and-the-body-is-depleted-of-the-resources-required-for-combating-stress

According to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

there is an overproduction of dopamine.

_________ is the issue of how well one can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes.​

​A-B problem

​ _________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

​Biological factors

_____ assert that people's behavior is influenced by their values, by how they interpret situations, and by choice.​

​Cognitive psychologists

​________ are regularly occurring experiences that can harm our well-being, even our sex lives.

​Daily hassles

_________ is the erroneous belief that one is being victimized or made to suffer.​

​Ideas of persecution

_________ is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations.​

​Modeling

_________ is defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety.​

​Obsessive-compulsive disorder

_________ is a disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear, avoidance.​

​Posttraumatic stress disorder

​ _________ allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan ways of coping with it.

​Predictability

_________ are based on the thinking of Sigmund Freud.​

​Psychodynamic therapies

​_________ is a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

​Psychological hardiness

_________ is characterized by indifference to relationships and flat emotional response.​

​Schizoid personality disorder

_________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.​

​Specific phobias

_________ refers to Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation.​

​Systematic desensitization

The _________ is the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors.​

​actor-observer effect

​According to the general adaptation syndrome, the _________ is triggered by perception of a stressor.

​alarm reaction

In _________ terms, prejudice is connected with avoidance and aggression.​

​behavioral

Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as _________.​

​benzodiazepines

The _____ of conversion disorders holds that it is a form of self-hypnosis.​

​biopsychosocial perspective

Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____.​

​bipolar disorder

People with _________ have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression.​

​bipolar disorder

Fran describes herself as complicated. Since she hates being alone, she is always looking for companionship and often gets involved in stormy relationships. Mostly, she gets into disagreements with people over her divided loyalties—she just cannot make up her mind to stand by one person. She has been hopping from job to job because she is not sure about what she likes to do. Her attitude is typical of a person with _____.​

​borderline personality disorder

Dr. Thomas, a psychiatrist, works at a facility that treats new cases as outpatients rather than sending them to hospitals. He also helps people who have been released from mental hospitals. Most of the people treated by him have chronic psychological disorders. Dr. Thomas works at a(n) _____.​

​community mental health center

Behavior therapists rely heavily on principles of _________.​

​conditioning and observational learning

A landlord refuses to rent his vacant apartment to college students. He believes that students throw wild parties and destroy property. In the context of behavior, the landlord's refusal is an example of _____.​

​discrimination

Jessie and her mother argue about Jessie's choice of friends and dates. Her mother thinks Jessie is stubborn and resistant. Jessie thinks her mother is bossy and controlling. In this scenario, Jessie and her mother make _________ about each other's behavior.​

​dispositional attributions

A person with _________ is suddenly unable to recall important personal information.​

​dissociative amnesia

Amnesia is frequently associated with _____.​

​dissociative disorders

A(n) _________ is a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id.​

​ego analyst

​According to the different kinds of social support, _________ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.

​emotional concern

The feeling of _________ encourages helping behavior and discourages aggression.​

​empathy

People with _________ insist that they are suffering from a serious physical malady, even though no medical evidence of sickness can be found.​

​illness anxiety disorder

Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign," or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions toward others may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is referred to as _____.​

​information processing

​Feeling lonely and being socially isolated are examples of _____.

​inner concern hassles

Psychodynamic therapy, client-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy consider psychological disorders to occur as a result of _____.​

​internal conflict

Unlike client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy _________.​

​is directive

Kim has a poor appetite and has experienced a severe weight loss. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She often has feelings of unworthiness and guilt for things she has not done. She no longer cares about life and talks about death, and how she would welcome it. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with _____.​

​major depressive disorder

Dr. Diaz is a therapist who works with clients of many different cultural backgrounds. Her clients like the fact that she always considers their cultural background important to her therapeutic approach. Dr. Diaz is demonstrating _________.​

​multicultural competence

​After getting back from work, Greg is attempting to decide whether he should stay home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but he feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of _____.

​multiple approach-avoidance conflict

​In _________, each of several alternative courses of action has pluses and minuses.

​multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Stanley Milgram studied the factors that contribute to _________.​

​obedience to authority

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house will get robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from _____.​

​obsessive-compulsive disorder

​People with _________ do not show the grossly disorganized thinking of paranoid schizophrenia.

​paranoid personality disorder

Behavior therapy applies _____ to directly promote desired behavioral changes.​

​principles of learning

Salma angrily tells her therapist, John, "I should have won the beauty contest. It's not fair." John confronts Salma's belief by asking, "Wasn't the winner more talented and articulate than you?" John is most likely to be a(n) _____.​

​rational emotive behavior therapist

​Connor was frightened as his cab was weaving in and out of traffic across the city. The level of his endocrine and sympathetic activity eventually lowered as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage. Connor is in the _____ of the general adaptation syndrome.

​resistance stage

​The belief that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforts is called _________.

​self-efficacy expectation

Talya, a girl from a wealthy family, is seen constantly mocking her not-so-fortunate classmates. Her class teacher believes that Talya derives her condescending tone from her parents, who display similar behavior toward poorer families. The class teacher is making a _____.​

​situational attribution

Psychotherapy refers to _________ between a client and a therapist.​

​systematic interaction

​Max has been in the army for almost two years. He has gone through boot camp, learned drill, and now follows commands without hesitation. He may also risk his life when ordered to take part in a dangerous mission. In the context of obedience to authority, the process of making Max compliant is an example of _____.

​the foot-in-the-door technique

In client-centered therapy, _________ refers to respect for clients as human beings with unique values and goals.​

​unconditional positive regard