Psychology chapter 14
Sheetal is reluctant to go home for the Christmas holidays as she does not have a good relationship with her parents. The tension starts even before she arrives. Her _____ leaves her feeling miserable.
Attitude
A landlord refuses to rent his vacant apartment to college students. He believes that students throw wild parties and destroy property. In the context of behavior, the landlord's refusal is an example of__________.
Discrimination
The Asch study examined the effects of social facilitation.
False
The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.
False
Explain the gender differences in the selection of a romantic partner.
Females tend to look for males based upon a greater emphasis on traits such as professional status, consideration, dependability, kindness, and fondness for children. men tend to place a relatively greater emphasis on physical allure, cooking ability, and even thrift.
The group effect called _________ is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision-making.
Polarization
In terms of behavior, which of the following is true of prejudice?
Prejudice is connected with avoidance, aggression, and discrimination.
In the selection of a romantic partner, women tend to place greater emphasis on traits such as:
Professional status
__________is a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables such as values and expectancies play major roles in individual differences.
Social cognitive theory
What are the various sources of prejudice?
The sources of prejudice are dissimilarity, social conflict, social learning, information processing, and social categorization.
Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign," or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions toward others may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is referred to as__________.
information-processing
Which of the following factors increases the tendency to conform?
social shyness
From the__________, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by observation of other people acting aggressively.
social-cognitive-perspective
__________assert that people's behavior is influenced by their values, by how they interpret situations, and by choice.
Cognitive psychologists
According to Durlez and Stangor & Crandall, there is often social and economic__________between people of different races and religions.
Conflict
Lisa has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation, she meets with a group of friends to discuss what they plan to wear to the party. Lisa then decides what to wear based on everybody's opinion. Lisa's behavior demonstrates:
Conformity
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is the ideal form of love?
Consummate love
Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim.
False
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is true of passion?
It involves fascination (preoccupation with the loved one), sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness.
Which of the following best describes attitude?
It is an enduring mental representation of a person, place, or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior.
Which of the following is true of stereotyping?
Stereotyping may lead people to view members of groups in a biased fashion.
Discrimination refers to behavior that results from prejudice.
True
Ever since Mark and Tracy met each other at a party thrown by a mutual friend, they have been fascinated with each other. They care about each other deeply, and realize that they want a special relationship with each other for the rest of their lives. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, their feelings are known as:
consummate love
Jessie and her mother argue about Jessie's choice of friends and dates. Her mother thinks Jessie is stubborn and resistant. Jessie thinks her mother is bossy and controlling. In this scenario, Jessie and her mother make _________ about each other's behavior.
dispositional attributions
Danny is reading a book in school. When he isn't looking, a girl steps on Danny's toe. The teacher, who observed this, believes the girl stepped on Danny's toe because she is malicious. In the context of social perception, the teacher is making a__________.
dispositional-attribution
The group effect called__________is likely to lead the group to make more risky shifts in decision-making.
polarization
A reason why people tend to have partners from the same background is__________.
propinquity
According to the__________, people tend to develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to themselves in physical allure and other traits.
attraction-similarity-hypothesis
__________is the issue of how well one can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes.
A-B problem
People are more likely to act on their attitudes when they have a vested interest in the outcome.
True
Prejudice involves stereotyping.
True
The _________ is the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors.
actor-observer effect
In__________terms, prejudice is connected with avoidance and aggression.
behavioral
People are said to _________ when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms.
conform
Michael's boss tells him to report to work at 4:00 a.m. the next day. Michael is not happy about arriving at work at such an unusual hour, yet he does as told. In the context of social influence, his behavior is an example of:
obedience to authority
Stanley Milgram studied the factors that contribute to _________.
obedience to authority
Stanley Milgram studied the factors that contribute to__________.
obedience-to-authority
According to the _____, a woman's appeal is more strongly connected with her age and health, both of which are markers of reproductive capacity.
parental investment model
According to the__________, a woman's appeal is more strongly connected with her age and health, both of which are markers of reproductive capacity.
parental-investment-model
Which of the following is a factor that contributes to attraction?
reciprocity
Sheena's brother was recently killed by a drunk driver. Students from an organization against drunk driving ask her to sign a petition and donate to their cause. She is glad to help them because she is still grieving her brother's death. This scenario demonstrates how the _____ of her attitude influences her behavior.
Accessibility
Which of the following is true of the attraction-similarity hypothesis?
It theorizes that reciprocity is a powerful determinant of attraction.
Explain the various social decision schemes with examples.
The first scheme is the majority-wins scheme. In this scheme the group arrives at the decision that was initially supported by the majority. An example of this is like the presidential election. The second one is the truth-wins scheme. And example of this is I grew up deciding whether to use SAT scores in admitting her students to college with profit from information about whether the scores predict college success or were they on fairly discriminate against certain groups of people.And example of this is a group deciding whether to use SAT scores in admitting students to college with profit from information about whether the scores predict college success or whether they unfairly discriminate against certain groups of people. The third is the 2/3 majority scheme. And example of this is a jury. They tend to convict the defendants when 2/3 of the jury initially favors conviction. The first shift rule scheme is the last. In this scheme the group tends to shift to the opinion expressed by the first person that has a shift of opinion.
Which of these factors does NOT contribute to aggressive behavior?
empathy
Peter and Kirsten share a warm relationship and count on each other for emotional support. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, this demonstrates__________.
intimacy
Max has been in the army for almost two years. He has gone through boot camp, learned drill, and now follows commands without hesitation. He may also risk his life when ordered to take part in a dangerous mission. In the context of obedience to authority, the process of making Max compliant is an example of _____.
the foot-in-the-door technique
Social facilitation refers to:
the process by which a person's performance is increased when other members of a group engage in similar behavior.
Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as __________.
Attitudes
Explain how biology and chemistry have an effect on aggression.
Biologically some psychologists believe that there is a "genetic whisper" that promotes aggression to some degree. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern. In humans, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible aggressive instincts.Chemistry is involved in aggression in the form of the male sex hormone testosterone. Men have higher testosterone levels than women do and are also usually more aggressive than women.
A landlord refuses to rent his vacant apartment to college students. He believes that students throw wild parties and destroy property. In the context of behavior, the landlord's refusal is an example of _____.
Discrimination
Explain the two types of attributions using an example.
Dispositional attributions would be like a Suming a child is mistreating another because she is "mean". situational attributions would be like assuming a child is miss treating another because her parents have implanted certain attitudes toward the other child.
On a(n)__________level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred.
Emotional
The feeling of__________encourages helping behavior and discourages aggression.
Empathy
What are the factors that influence conformity?
Factors that influence conformity include belonging to a collectivist rather than an individualistic society, the desire to be liked by other members of the group, low self esteem, social shyness, and lack of familiarity with the task.
Prejudices act as cognitive filters through which people view the social world. People tend to think of people as "familiar" or "foreign," or "good" or "bad." Their feelings and reactions toward others may be biased by these perceptions. This source of prejudice is referred to as _____.
information processing
Deindividuation is the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping.
False
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to situations, not their dispositions.
False
Briefly explain prejudice and discrimination.
Prejudice is a certain attitude towards a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively. Whereas discrimination is hostile behavior directed against groups toward whom one is prejudiced.
Which of the following is true of Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love?
Romantic love is characterized by passion and intimacy.
Sunny and Clara went for a lunch date, but Sunny could only stammer and stutter throughout the meal because he was nervous. Clara was deeply disappointed. Several weeks later, she decided to give Sunny a second chance. The next meeting passed without mishap and it was almost as if the first awkward meeting had never happened. Clara was so happy that she rewarded Sunny with a kiss. In terms of social perception, Clara's behavior is due to:
The recency effect
Explain Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love in brief.
The three main topics are called passion, intimacy, and commitment.Infatuations is described as passion alone.Romantic love is intimacy and passion. Another group is liking. Liking is purely intimacy alone. Companion love is intimacy and commitment. Empty love is commitment alone. Finally, fatuous love is passion and commitment. consummate love is commitment, passion, and intimacy.
On a(n) _________ level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred.
emotional
Sarah can recite her speech for her oral communications class perfectly when she is alone. However, when she is in front of the group she often loses her "train of thought" because of her concern that the audience is judging her performance. Sarah's performance has been influenced by:
evaluation apprehension
Shaina is about to give her first speech in class. She is nervous and hopes she doesn't forget her points in front of the whole class. The presence of the class is not likely to facilitate her performance due to:
evaluation apprehension
Keisha takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. In terms of social perception, this demonstrates that she recognizes that _____ are important.
first impressions
_____ is a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables such as values and expectancies play major roles in individual differences.
social cognitive theory
The Pittsburgh Steelers are playing a game in their home stadium. The stadium is full of fans. They are likely to do their best because so many of the fans are cheering them on to victory. In the context of group behavior, this is the result of:
social facilitation