Psychology Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

Surveys suggest that about ___ percent of women and ___ percent of men have at least one sexual dysfunction

40-45; 20-30

Olivia is a teenager who has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. What percentage of individuals with anorexia that receive treatment make a recovery?

40-60%

What disorder seems to hold an association with bipolar disorder?

ADHD

Sandy took part in the April 2013 Boston Marathon, where two bombs detonated near the finish line killing three spectators. For approximately two weeks after the marathon, Sandy was unable to sleep or concentrate and often found herself reliving the moment she heard the bombs explode. What disorder might Sandy be diagnosed with?

Acute Stress Disorder

Franklin wakes up on a cot in a homeless shelter in another town. He doesn't know where he is or how he got there, and he is confused when people say he has been calling himself Anthony. This is most likely an episode of dissociative...

Amnesia with fugue

Amelia has recently given birth to her first child. She mentions that she often goes into her baby's bedroom to check if he is still breathing. Would this qualify as an OCD?

As long as Amelia is not compelled to check on her baby and does not suffer from severe anxiety if she is unable to do so, then this is not an OCD

Studies show that _______ personality disorders occur more frequently in women while _________ personality disorders happen more often in men

Borderline; Antisocial

Dr. Cowden believes that Jamison's dissociation disorder may be due to his apparent enhanced ability to think about things other than those associated with his traumatic childhood. What psychological perspective is Dr. Cowden applying?

COgnitive/Behavioral perspective

Which of the following concepts is not specifically associated with the DSM-5 examination of culture-related disorders?

Cultural Binding

Studies have suggested the increased rates of major depressive disorder in women may have a basis in...

Gender roles, social factors, and emotional processing

How would the Greek physician Hippocrates have typically dealt with someone suffering from mental illness?

He would focus on correcting the imbalance of bodily fluids, or humors

Which of the following characteristics best describes differences between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?

Individuals with bulimia nervosa may have normal body weight whereas those with anorexia nervosa tend to be severally under their expected body weight

Who is most likely to be diagnosed with a phobic disorder? 1.) Jennifer, who is morbidly afraid of snakes and refuses to even look at a picture of a snake 2.) Brianne, who is afraid of snakes after nearly being bitten while running 3.) Calista, who is afraid of snakes after watching a documentary on poisonous snakes found in her region 4.) Both calista and Jennifers behavior would qualify as a phobic disorder

Jennifer, who is morbidly afraid of snakes and refuses to even look at a picture of a snake

Melanie has just received an exam grade in her psychology class. She earned a grade of 89% which is a "B". All of her work during the semester thus far has earned "A" grades and she is very upset about the exam score. "This is the worst thing that could possibly have happened." she laments to her best friend, Keesha, who just tolls her eyes. A cognitive psychologist would suggest that Melanie is employing her cognitive distortion called ___

Magnification

Jorge finds himself feeling depressed most of the day. He is constantly tired yet he sleeps very little. He has feelings of worthlessness that have come on suddenly and seemingly have no bias in reality. What might Jorge be diagnosed with?

Major depressive disorder

What is the most common of the diagnosed disorders of mood?

Major depressive disorder

Lisa has just been fired from her new job for consistently arriving two hours late for work. Lisa tries to explain that she must often drive back one to ensure that all the doors are locked and that no appliances have been left on. Lisa's condition is abnormal from the __________ definition

Maladaptive

Biological explanations of disordered mood have focused on the effects of several different brain chemicals and medications used to treat these disorders are designed to work on these various neurotransmitter systems. Which of the following is not one of the chemicals that has been implicated in mood disorder? 1.) serotonin 2.) dopamine 3.) norepinephrine 4.)melatonin

Melatonin

Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of antisocial personality disorder?

Most people with this disorder are female

Causes of anxiety disorders?

Psychodynamic explanations point to repressed urges and desires that are trying to surface, creating anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior • Behaviorists believe that disordered behavior is learned through both positive and negative reinforcement • Cognitive psychologists believe that excessive anxiety comes from illogical, irrational thought processes

What are all the psychological models?

Psychodynamic view behaviorism cognitive perspective

What is the major difference between dissociative amnesia and retrograde amnesia?

Retrograde amnesia patients often suffer from some form of physical brain trauma.

What are the three possible problem areas that are in sexual dysfunction?

Sexual interest, arousal, and response

Acute stress disorder (ASD)

a disorder resulting from exposure to a major, traumatic stressor that lasts up to a month

Phobia

an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity

Describe anxiety when talking about anxiety disorders

anxiety is either excessive or unrealistic

Free-floating anxiety

anxiety that is unrelated to any specific and known cause

Psychological disorder

any pattern of behavior or thinking that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life

Maladaptive thinking or behavior:

anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life

Maladaptive

anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life ex: woman who cuts herself for anxiety relief but hurts her self in the process

Describe behaviorism

believe disorders are learned just like normal behavior ex: when someone was young, their father dropped a spider on her leg, causing her to scream and react with fear, because her mother made a big fuss over her, she would scream again every time she saw a spider to draw attention to herself

Neuroimaging studies examining potential causes of schizophrenia have discovered that an area of the brain called the ___ appears to have significantly less myelin coating on the axons of its neurons in people with schizophrenia compared to those without the condition.

cingulum bundle

Anxiety disorders

class of disorders in which the primary symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety

Elliot became widowed after nearly 40 years of marriage. He has convinced himself that no one will ever love him again. His irrational thinking has caused him to suffer from depression, and he rarely leaves his house. What perspective might best explain his behavior?

cognitive

Bulimia nervosa

condition in which a person develops a cycle of binging or over eating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain

Binge-eating disorder

condition in which a person overeats, or binges, on enormous amounts of food at one sitting, but unlike bulimia nervosa, the individual does not then purge or use other unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain

Anorexia nervosa

condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that their body weight is significantly low, or less than minimally expected. In adults, this is likely associated with a BMI of 18.5 victims are typically young and female

Flat affect

condition in which a person shows little or no emotion

Trephining

cutting holes into the skull of a living person, used to be used to release demons

Generalized anxiety disorder

disorder in which a person has feelings of dread & impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts 6 months or more

Antisocial personality disorder

disorder in which a person uses other people without worrying about their rights or feelings and often behaves in an impulsive or reckless manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior

Obsessive compulsive disorder

disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act (compulsion)

Panic disorder

disorder in which panic attacks occur more than once or repeatedly, & cause persistent worry or changes in behavior

Dissociated identity disorder

disorder occuring when a person seems to have 2 or more distinct personalities within one body

Post-traumatic stress disorder

disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, & concentration problems, lasting for more than 1 month; symptoms may occur immediately after or may not occur until 6 months later folloiwng the event

Acute stress disorder

disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, & movements in which people seem to "relive" the event in dreams & flashbacks for as long as 1 month following the event

Personality disorders

disorders in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions

Mood disorders (affective disorders)

disorders in which mood is severely disturbed

Overgeneralization

distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event & applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original

Minimization

distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization)

Catatonia

disturbed behavior ranging from statue-like immobility to bursts or energetic, frantic movement, & talking

Subjective discomfort

emotional distress/pain while engaging in a particular behavior or thought processes ex: women who is scared of leaving her house

Describe the psychodynamic view: hiding problems

explains disordered thinking and behavior as the result of repressing ones thoughts, memories, and concerns in the unconscious mind ex: someone who has thoughts about sleeping with her husbands brother might feel dirty and keep washing her hands

Stress-vulnerability model

explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress

Delusions

false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

Hallucinations

false sensory perceptions

Agoraphobia

fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

Social anxiety disorder

fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation

Specific phobia

fear of objects or specific situations or events ex: fear of dogs

Charles has suffered from schizophrenia for many years and now resides in a group treatment facility. One day a nurse approaches him and quietly tells him that his sister, who has been fighting cancer for many months, died that morning. Charles has no appreciable facial reaction, and in a very monotone voice says, "okay". The nurse is not surprised by Charles's lack of response to the awful news because she knows that ___ is one symptom often seen in those suffering from schizophrenia.

flat effect

Researchers believe that 40-60% of the risk for anorexia, bulimia and binge-eating disorder are due to

genetic factors

Manic

having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability

What are some organic factors for sexual dysfunction?

illnessess side effects from medication effects of surgeries physical disabilities use of drugs

Affect

in psych, a term indicating emotion or mood

Magnification

interpret situations as far more dangerous or important than they are

Panic disorder

involves persistent worry about having additional attacks, worry about the implications of an attack, and/or a significant change in behavior related to the attacks.

Borderline personality disorder

maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others with a pattern of self-destructiveness, chronic loneliness, and disruptive anger in close relationships

Biological model

model of explaining thinking or behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body

Seasonal affective disorder

mood disorder that is caused by the bodies reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months sad during winter happy during summer

Insanity

not a psychological term, it is a legal term used to argue that a mentally ill person who has committed a crime should not be held responsible for his or her actions bc that person was unable to understand the diff between right and wrong at the time of the offense

Delusions of grandeur

people are convinced that they are powerful people who can save the world

Delusions of reference

people believe that other people, TV characters, and even books are specifically talking to them

Delusions of persecution

people believe that others are trying to hurt them in some way

Delusions of influence

people believe that they are being controlled by external forces ex: devil, aliens

Describe the cognitive perspective

people who study the way other people think believe that abnormal functioning results from illogical thinking patterns

Bipolar disorder

periods of mood that may range from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression, or spans of normal mood interspersed with episodes of major depression(bipolar 1 disorder) & episodes of hypomania(bipolar 2 disorder)

Biopsychosocial model

perspective in which abnormal thinking or behavior is seen as the result of the combined & interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences

Sociocultural perspective

perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior & culture. In psychopathology, abnormal thinking and behavior is seen as the product of learning and shaping within the context of the family, the social group to which one belongs, and the culture within which the family and social group exists

What is the major cause of organic sexual dysfunction?

physical causes

Dr. Haldol has several patients with schizophrenia who appear to exhibit excessive or distorted characteristics in relation to what one might consider normal functioning. Specific symptoms include varied hallucinations and multiple delusions. According to the DSM-5, these are referred to as

positive symptoms

Sexual dysfunction

problem in sexual functioning

Name some of the symptoms of a panic attack

racing heart, rapid breathing, a sensation of being out of ones body, dulled hearing and vision, sweating, & dry mouth

David believes that characters in a popular science fiction show are secretly sending him messages. This would be an example of a

reference

Psychotic

refers to an individuals inability to separate what is real and what is fantasy

Cultural syndromes

sets of particular symptoms of distress found in particular cultures, which may or may not be recognized as an illness within the culture

Major depressive disorder

severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause, or is too severe for current circumstances

Schizophrenia

severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, & inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality

List some common types of social phobia

stage fright fear of public speaking fear of urinating in a public restroom

Cognitive psychologists

study the way people think, remember, & mentally organize information

Panic attack

sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying

Positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking

Negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior/an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, & poor speech production

All-or-nothing thinking

tendency to believe that ones performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure

Dissociative amnesia

the individual cant remember personal information such as ones own name or specific personal events

In the United States, insanity is a term typically used by

the legal system

Cultural relativity

the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place

Situational context

the social or environmental setting of a persons behavior ex: dude who says people are watching him may be seen as crazy, but if he says hes in the witness protection program it takes on a diff meaning

Psychopathology

the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):

the symptoms associated with ASD last for more than one month

Dissociative disorders

there is a break in conscious awareness, memory