Psychology chapter 2 final

How long does information last in sensory memory?

A fraction of a second to several seconds

________ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

Based on the famous case study of H.M., a patient who had severe epilepsy, H.M. underwent surgery that involved removing the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres in his brain. After the surgery, his epilepsy was cured, but his memory was impaired. Which of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H.M.'s memory?

H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory.

Which category of drugs modifies a person's perceptual experiences and produces visual images that are not real?

Hallucinogens

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques

Which of the following statements is true of observational learning?

It takes place when a person notices and imitates another's behavior.

Tolman demonstrated that rats could learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated that the rats called on their ________ to help them reach the end of the maze more quickly.

Latent learning

Which of the following is true of long-term memory?

Long-term memory has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited.

Which of the following is true of shallow processing in memory?

Physical features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing.

________ is a network of structures including the brain stem, medulla, and thalamus that determines arousal, one aspect of consciousness.

Reticular activating system

________ is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves, whereas ________ is/are characterized by delta waves.

Stage N1 sleep; stage N3 sleep

Which of the following statements is true of psychoactive drugs?

They act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

Blake smokes marijuana. When he first started smoking marijuana, he used to get high off one joint, but now he needs to smoke more and more to get the same high. This is an example of

Tolerance

Salivation in response to food is an example of

a reflex.

Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness?

awareness and arousal

According to Thorndike's law of effect,

behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by frustrating outcomes are weakened

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of

chunking

The biological cycle that regulates people's pattern of sleep is called a

circadian rhythm.

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of

classical conditioning

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Typically, before he conducts a pop quiz for his students, he shuts the classroom door. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In this scenario, the act of closing the door has become a(n)

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Which of the following refers to the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated?

declarative memory

Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to

decrease memory performance

When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. It is likely that he is

dreaming

________ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.

encoding

Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her ________ memory.

episodic

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. According to research on encoding processes, Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he

has deeply processed this information

________ is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem's solution

insight learning

Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning?

lecturing and reprimanding a child for being rude to his or her teachers

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, information can last up to a lifetime in

long term memory

________ refers to the retention of information or experience over time

memory

In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was a ________ before conditioning and became a(n) ________ after conditioning had occurred.

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence in

operant conditioning.

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called

positive reinforcement

The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called

reinforcement

Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is most likely to be stored in your ________ memory.

semantic

In operant conditioning, ________ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

shaping

A person is most likely to store a seven-digit phone number in his or her ________ memory.

short term

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

short term memory

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep?

sleep apnea

While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Lea is in

stage N1 sleep.