Psychology - Chapter 3

Substance use disorder

Substance use disorder (SUD), also known as drug use disorder, is a condition in which the use of one or more substances leads to a clinically significant impairment or distress. ... In the DSM-5 substance use disorder replaced substance abuse and substance dependence

THC

Tetrahydrocannabinol aka weed

Alcohol use disorder

a condition characterized by the harmful consequences of repeated alcohol use, a pattern of compulsive alcohol use, and (sometimes) physiological dependence on alcohol (i.e., tolerance and/or symptoms of withdrawal).

Sleep

a condition of body and mind such as that which typically recurs for several hours every night, in which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the eyes closed, the postural muscles relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended.

Hallucinogens

a drug that causes hallucinations, such as LSD.

REM sleep

a kind of sleep that occurs at intervals during the night and is characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing.

Delta waves

electrical activity of the brain at a frequency of around 1-8 Hz, typical of sleep. The resulting oscillations, detected using an electroencephalograph, are called delta waves

Dreams

A series of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations occurring involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.

Sleep apnea

First described in 1965, sleep apnea is a breathing disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep. It owes its name to the Greek word, apnea, meaning, "want of breath." There are two types of sleep apnea: central and obstructive.

Opiates

Opiates are powerful drugs derived from the poppy plant and used to used to relieve pain.

Latent content

According to psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, the latent content of a dream is the hidden psychological meaning of the dream. Freud believed that the content of dreams is related to wish fulfillment and suggested that dreams have two types of content: manifest content and latent content.

Addiction

Addiction is a condition in which the body must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms. Addiction's first stage is dependence, during which the search for a drug dominates an individual's life.

Amphetamines

Amphetamine is a stimulant and is used to trat narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder

Night terror

Night terrors are a sleep disorder characterized by anxiety episodes with extreme panic, often accompanied by screaming, flailing, fast breathing, and sweating and that usually occur within a few hours after going to sleep.

Circadian rhythm

Often referred to as the "body clock", the circadian rhythm is a cycle that tells our bodies when to sleep, rise, eat--regulating many physiological processes. This internal body clock is affected by environmental cues, like sunlight and temperature.

Psychoactive drug

Psychoactive Drugs are chemical substances that act on the central nervous system to alter mood, perception, behavior, and/or consciousness. ... Alcohol, caffeine, LSD, heroin, and Xanax are all examples of psychoactive drugs, and each drug has different effects on mental and physical functioning.

REM rebound

REM rebound is the lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation. When people have been prevented from experiencing REM, they take less time than usual to attain the REM state.

Alpha waves

the normal electrical activity of the brain when conscious and relaxed, consisting of oscillations ( alpha waves ) with a frequency of 8 to 13 hertz.

Withdrawal

the onset of symptoms, both physical and mental, when a substance is reduced or not given to the body.

Manifest content

In his book The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud suggested that the content of dreams is related to wish fulfillment. Freud believed that the manifest content of a dream, or the actual imagery and events of the dream, served to disguise the latent content or the unconscious wishes of the dreamer.

Insomnia

Insomnia is a type of sleep disorder in which the person has trouble in one of the following areas of sleep: falling asleep, staying asleep throughout the night, or not being able to fall back asleep after a disturbance/awakening.

Narcolepsy

It is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis. Narcolepsy is associated with the loss of hypothalamic neurons that contain the neuropeptide hypocretin . Narcolepsy is one of a group of sleep disorders known as hypersomnias.

Tolerance

When you take medications or drugs your body begins to get used to the drug. As a result, you may need to take more and more of it in order to get the same effects. This reduced effect of the drug is tolerance - your body is getting used to the drug causing a reduction in its effectiveness.

Ecstasy (MDMA)

a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug. Desired effects include increased empathy, euphoria, and heightened sensations.

Stimulants

a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body.

LSD

a synthetic crystalline compound, lysergic acid diethylamide, that is a potent hallucinogenic drug.

Methamphetamine

a synthetic drug with more rapid and lasting effects than amphetamine, used illegally as a stimulant and as a prescription drug to treat narcolepsy and maintain blood pressure.

Nicotine

a toxic colorless or yellowish oily liquid that is the chief active constituent of tobacco. It acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells. Nicotine is also used in insecticides

Cocaine

an addictive drug derived from coca or prepared synthetically, used as an illegal stimulant and sometimes medicinally as a local anesthetic.

Near death experience

an unusual experience taking place on the brink of death and recounted by a person after recovery, typically an out-of-body experience or a vision of a tunnel of light.

Barbiturates

any of a class of sedative and sleep-inducing drugs derived from barbituric acid.

Depressant

drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous system. Depressants are useful in treating many medical conditions, including insomnia, anxiety, and seizures. There are several different types of depressants, including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol, opioids, cannabis, and Rohypnol.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

each of a pair of small nuclei in the hypothalamus of the brain, above the optic chiasma, thought to be concerned with the regulation of physiological circadian rhythms.