Psychology Chapter 4-7 Test

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied. True False

False

Short-term memory is also known as semantic memory. True False

False

The hypothalamus is involved in the formation of verbal memories. True False

False

The method of savings was devised by Ebbinghaus in order to study the efficiency of recall. True False

False

When you store information by mentally repeating it, this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal. True False

False

Your memory of the alphabet or the multiplication tables is the result of a great deal of repetition that makes associations automatic, a phenomenon that psychologists refer to as retrospective memory. True False

False

The average amount of time it takes to complete each cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about a. 30 minutes. b. 1 hour. c. 90 minutes d. 2 hours.

c. 90 minutes.

If you are in a room full of people conversing but can still pick out the speech of a single person, you are experiencing which phenomenon? a. Regularization b. Direct inner awareness c. Cocktail party effect d. Cognitive dissonance

c. Cocktail party effect

The loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma is _____________. a. Infantile amnesia b. Proactive interference c. Dissociative amnesia d. Retroactive interference

c. Dissociative amnesia

At The levels-of-processing model of memory holds that memories tend to wane when information is processed deeply. True False

False

Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove. True False

False

Discrimination is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned. True False

False

Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears. True False

False

In operant conditioning, voluntary responses cannot be conditioned. True False

False

In the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions. True False

False

Nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person. True False

False

Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience. True False

True

Consolidation of memory is connected to REM sleep. True False

True

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response. True False

True

Many psychologists suggest that the Little Albert experiment was unethical, partially due to the infant never being counter-conditioned. True False

True

Physicians frequently prescribe stimulants in an effort to help hyperactive children control their behavior. True False

True

Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing. True False

True

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep. True False

True

Somnambulism seems to be a sleep disorder that people grow out of as they enter adolescence and adulthood. True False

True

With respect to classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is about how well an organism can predict what will come next. True False

True

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid. True False

True

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious? a. It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention. b. It refers to sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state. c. It refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness. d. It refers to ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness.

a. It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as a. REM sleep is to stage 3 sleep. b. NREM sleep is to REM sleep. c. stage 2 sleep is to stage 3 sleep. d. REM sleep is to stage 2 sleep.

a. REM sleep is to stage 3 sleep.

Which of the following statements is true about secondary reinforcers? a. They acquire their value through association with established reinforcers. b. They are effective on the basis of their learning. c. They can also be called conditioned reinforcers. d. They are effective because of an organism's biological makeup.

a. They acquire their value through association with established reinforcers.

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers? a. They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed. b. They focus on decreasing unwanted behavior rather than increasing good behavior. c. They involve the removal of a pleasant stimulus. d. They involve the application of an aversive stimulus.

a. They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________. a. implicit memory b. episodic memory c. psychomotor memory d. semantic memory

a. implicit memory

Learning that is hidden or concealed refers to _________. a. latent learning b. modelling c. observational learning d. successive approximations

a. latent learning

Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that: a. memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues. b. it is easier to discriminate stimuli that stand out and are readily available for retrieval. c. strong feelings are connected with the secretion of stress hormones, which preserve memory. d. people modify their memories according to the external influences at the time of retrieval.

a. memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.

A measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated is called ______________________. a. method of savings b. re-learning c. proactive interference d. Implicit encoding

a. method of savings

Lim, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Lim is likely suffering from __________. a. narcolepsy b. insomnia c. sleep terrors d. sleep apnea

a. narcolepsy

B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called __________. a. operant behavior b. respondent behavior c. maladaptive behavior d. stagnant behavior

a. operant behavior

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____. a. sleep terrors b. nightmares c. insomnia d. somnambulism

a. sleep terrors

Dreams experienced during REM tend to be a. vivid. b. vague. c. fleeting. d. occurring at the beginning of the night.

a. vivid.

High-frequency brain waves are associated with _____. a. wakefulness b. rapid eye movement sleep c. theta waves d. paradoxical sleep

a. wakefulness

The patient known as H.M. had his hippocampus removed. After the operation, what did H. M. lack the ability to do? a. Form verbal memories b. Consolidate memories from short-term to long-term c. Experience emotions d. Process auditory stimulation

b. Consolidate memories from short-term to long-term

Which of the following are memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence? a. Semantic memories b. Episodic memories c. Procedural memories d. Prospective memories

b. Episodic memories

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, which disorder is characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms? a. Paranoid personality disorder b. Substance use disorder c. Oppositional defiant disorder d. Impulse control disorder

b. Substance use disorder

Children who watch violent shows may act less aggressively when they are informed that the: a. violent behavior they observe in the media represents the behavior of most people. b. apparently aggressive behaviors they watch reflect camera tricks, special effects, and stunts. c. conflicts in real life are resolved by violent means. d. real-life consequences of violence are harmful only to the victim and not the aggressor.

b. apparently aggressive behaviors they watch reflect camera tricks, special effects, and stunts.

It is September 11, 2021 and Javier is reflecting on that day. He remembers that 20 years ago he was sitting in his freshman biology class watching the footage of the World Trade Center attacks on a television set. To this day, he can vividly remember exactly where he was sitting, where the television was located, and how he felt. Javier's memory of September 11th, 2001 is an example of a(n) ___________. a. echoic Memory b. flashbulb memory c. iconic memory. d. Eidetic memory.

b. flashbulb memory

The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved is the definition of _______________. a. perception b. memory c. cognition d. semantics

b. memory

According to your text, older adults sleep less because a. their sleep cycles become more efficient. b. of physical discomfort. c. they no longer require REM sleep. d. they no longer require NREM sleep.

b. of physical discomfort.

Food and water are examples of _______. a. variable ratio reinforcements b. primary reinforcers c. secondary reinforcers d. partial reinforcers

b. primary reinforcers

A person who cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, during which hallucinations occur, is experiencing a. sleep apnea. b. sleep paralysis. c. insomnia. d. somnambulism.

b. sleep paralysis.

According to cognitive psychologists, _________. a. learning is a temporary change in behavior b. the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior c. the changes caused by learning fully determine an organism's behavior d. people are most likely to imitate behaviors that are inconsistent with their values

b. the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

Which of the following statements is true of shaping? a. It uses the technique of positive punishment. b. It is used solely to teach simple behaviors. c. It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal. d. It extinguishes learned or conditioned behaviors.

c. It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.

Which hormone promotes sleep? a. Adrenaline b. Progesterone c. Melatonin d. Ghrelin

c. Melatonin

Identify a true statement about taste aversions. a. They are a form of systematic desensitization. b. They require conditioned and unconditioned stimuli to occur close together in time. c. They motivate organisms to avoid harmful foods. d. They are non-adaptive in nature.

c. They motivate organisms to avoid harmful foods.

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Valentina is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates __________. a. elaborative rehearsal b. repression c. maintenance rehearsal d. serial positioning

c. maintenance rehearsal

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because: a. saccadic eye movements create perceptions at a rate of approximately 20 per second, making the images seem continuous. b. short-term memories overlap, which gives the impression of a single perception. c. sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected d. perceptions in short-term memory are not stored but are constantly replaced with new perceptions.

c. sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected.

In sensory memory, what is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes called? a. Displacement b. Serial positioning c. Memory tracing d. Eidetic imager

d. Eidetic imagery

A behavior therapy method in which fear-evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished is called ___________. a. Generalization b. Sensitizing c. Discrimination d. Flooding

d. Flooding

Derived from the opium poppy, opiates provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system. Under which group of drugs do opiates fall? a. Barbiturates b. Amphetamines c. Stimulants d. Narcotics

d. Narcotics

Classical conditioning is essentially _________. a. active, voluntary behaviors b. associating a response and a consequence c. learning consequences d. learning associations

d. learning associations

Sleepwalking typically occurs during a. REM sleep. b. stage 1. c. stage 2. d. stage 4.

d. stage 4.

As she was listening to her psychology professor discuss ways to improve memory, Ebony thought of different ways she could apply the suggestions to herself. Later that day she was trying to recall the different techniques, but she could only recall the first couple. This reflects ___________. a. the self-reference effect b. contextual cues c. clustering d. the serial-position effect

d. the serial-position effect