Psychology Chapter 4
State of consciousness: psychologically induced
Sensory deprevation(pitch black room), hypnosis, meditation.
The two track mind
Serial conscious and unconscious parallel processing
sleep disorder
Serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.
sleep spindles
Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.
Tran Lee is planning a business meeting and wants to be at the peak of his mental alertness. He would do best to schedule the meeting for:
9 A.M.
Dr. David is trying to answer some research questions about dreaming by bringing people into the laboratory to sleep. In order to measure activity during the dream state of sleep, Dr. David wakes his participants after they have been asleep for about ____ minutes when they are in _____ sleep.
90;REM
barbiturates
A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness.
opioids (mimick endorphins)
A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties; also called opiates or narcotics. Synthetic opioids include heroin, methadone, oxycodone.
psychedelic drug
A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.
stimulants
A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness. (blocks adenosine)
parasomnias
A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder.
dyssomnias
A category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.
amphetamines
A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite.
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycle.
physical dependence
A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
drug tolerance
A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect.
hypnosis
A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.
circadian rhythm
A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes. Circadian is the combo of "about" and "day" in Latin.
psychoactive drugs
A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior.
melatonin
A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. *Release is triggered by the SCN.*
Which patient provides evidence for the dissociation theory of pain relief?
A hypnotized dental patient reports she is not feeling pain, but her heart starts to pound when the drilling begins.
K complexes
Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.
It is at the end of this stage that children may wet the bed or walk in their sleep.
Stage 4 sleep
How Caffeine and nicotine work in the synapse
Stimulates the release of dopamine, blocks adenosine receptors.
MDMA or ecstasy
Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects.
REM rebound
A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep without interruption. NREM rebound is the same for stages 3 and 4.
mescaline
A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus.
marijuana
A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant.
narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.
sleep-related eating disorder
A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively.
sleepsex
A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep; also called sexsomnia.
sleep terrors
A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called night terrors.
sleepwalking
A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism.
cocaine
A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree. cocaine blocks the reuptake of three different neurotransmitters—dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
caffeine
A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications.
nicotine
A stimulant drug found in tobacco products.
cataplexy
A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.
posthypnotic suggestion
A suggestion made during hypnosis asking a person to carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session.
sleep paralysis
A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.
nightmare
A vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.
Which is an example of change blindness?
A woman asks a passerby for directions, then two people carrying a large sign pass between her and the passerby and a different woman takes her place. The passerby keeps right on giving directions as if nothing happened.
_____ refers to a condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug.
Addiction
William James
American psychologist that descirbed consciousness as a "stream" or "river". (sense of personal identity that has continuity from one day to the next)
dream
An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events.
meditation
Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness.
Characteristics of a people who are good candidates for hypnosis
People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis have the ability to become deeply absorbed in fantasy and imaginary experience. For instance, they easily become absorbed in reading fiction, watching movies, and listening to music
Consciousness
Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, the external environment, and planning or active problem solving.
NREM sleep or non-rapid-eye-movement sleep
Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.
Dr. Jones is trying to answer some research questions about dreaming by bringing people into the laboratory to sleep. In order to measure activity during the dream state of sleep, Dr. Jones wakes her participants after they have been asleep for about 90 minutes, when they are in _____ sleep.
REM
Sandra always remembers her dreams. HSe is probably waking during or soon after which sleep stage?
REM
Sandra always remembers her dreams. This means that she is probably waking during or soon after _____ sleep.
REM
more functions of sleep
Concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, motor skills, clears metabolic waste, rest muscles, maintain immune function, regulate moods and emotions and the ability to gauge risks.
State of consciousness: spontaneous
Day dreaming, drowsiness, dreaming
tranquializers
Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety. Xanax
Which brain recording method takes advantage of the fact that the electrical activity of the brain can be detected if electrodes are placed directly on the scalp?
EEG
_____ is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use.
Ecstasy
REM sleep or rapid-eye-movement sleep
Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep.
withdrawal symptoms
Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent.
sleep thinking (sleep mentation)
Vague, bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real-life events that typically occur during NREM slow wave sleep
While at a comedy club, you see a hypnotized person follow a hypnotic suggestion to stand on one leg (like a flamingo) for five minutes. What would you expect of that person when NOT hypnotized?
Even without hypnosis, she would be able to perform this same feat.
State of consciousness: physiologically induced
Hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation
Anton Mesmer
He thought that sickness was due to magnetic fluid being misaligned in the body. Used magnets to re-align the fluid. Inadvertently discovered hypnosis.
Ernst Hilgard
Hilgard is specifically known for his theory that a so-called "hidden observer" is created in the mind while hypnosis is taking place. *neodissociation theory of hypnosis*
hidden observer
Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis.
Which of the following can be said about current research on the benefits of meditation on the brain?
Imaging devices can be used to partly measure the benefits.
manifest content
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.
latent content
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.
After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Grant experiences vivid, visual hallucinations and other perceptual distortions. He feels as though he is floating above his body. Grant is MOST likely experiencing the effects of _____.
LSD
The user's perception of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is MOST apt to be triggered by:
LSD
Minimal consciousness
Low level sensory awareness, the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior.
At a party, Jenn and her friends try a new drug. Within a half hour they are feeling great, hugging each other, sweating, thirsty, and beginning to feel overheated. The drug they took is most likely:
MDMA
Which pattern can explain both drug tolerance and drug withdrawal?
More of the drug is needed to achieve the desired effect, which causes a worsening of aftereffects in the absence of the drug.
Sleep thinking is the repetitive, sometimes bland and uncreative ruminations about real-life events that occurs during:
NREM sleep
Max and Alicia are taking their baby to the pediatrician because the baby is a month old and still has not synchronized with day-night cycles. Should they be concerned?
No, this usually takes 2 to 3 months to occur.
_________________, another term for REM sleep, involves heightened physiological and brain activity, while voluntary muscle activity is temporarily suppressed or paralyzed.
Paradoxical sleep
hypnagogic hallucinations
Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep. ex: feel as if you're falling, daily acitivities, and preoccupations, floating, flying, loud crash, kaleidoscopic patterns.
drug rebound effect
Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's action.
Full consciousness
You know and are able to report your mental state (now)
physiograph
a chart showing changes in electrical activity in the body
John drinks five or six cups of coffee every day. If he doesn't, he feels irritable, drowsy, and fatigued. John is _____ a(n) _____ drug.
addicted to; stimulant
Withdrawal symptoms such as pain or hallucinations are indications of _____.
addiction
After spending 36 hours in the emergency room, Dr. Alli has trouble sleeping well when he finally gets home late in the afternoon. The next day, he is irritable and cannot concentrate at work. Dr. Alli's problems are likely due to disruption in his _____.
circadian rhythms
Seth is a registered nurse, and he has noticed that patients often report their pain is worse around 4 in the morning. This is best explained by:
circadian rhythms
jet lag
circadian rhythms are out of synchronization with daylight and darkness cues; thinking, concentration, and memory get fuzzy.
Although Rachel has been trying to lose 10 pounds, she finds herself breaking her diet around 3 p.m. daily. Rachel is likely experiencing low levels of mental alertness and sleepiness around this time of day because of the common daily highs and lows in her biological and psychological functioning, also known as:
circadian rhythms.
Synthetic drugs with a variety of effects, often used at dance clubs or raves
club drugs. Ex: ecstasy (MDMA)
how cocaine works in the synapse
cocaine blocks the reuptake of three different neurotransmitters—*dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine*. Blocking reuptake potentiates, or increases the effects of, these neurotransmitters.
In an interview, a movie star went on and on about how horrible it is that people use psychoactive drugs. She proudly announced that she had quit smoking, stopped drinking, and had never touched any illegal drugs in her life. While talking, she would periodically take a sip from a cup on the table. What she did not realize was that the _____ in her cup also contained a psychoactive drug.
coffee
James Charles Braid
coined the term hypnosis
Every night, after a late dinner, Sasha has a strong cup of coffee before working out at the gym. On her way home, she likes to stop for a double-chocolate frozen yogurt. Finally, she watches the late news and drinks two glasses of red wine, because she has heard that red wine is good for you. Based on this routine, sleep experts might predict that Sasha would be likely to:
complain of insomnia.
Miranda spends 10 minutes mentally repeating the word "calm" to herself on her way to pick up the kids after work. Miranda is practicing a technique of meditation known as _____.
concentration
The meditation technique in which awareness and attention are focused by saying a simple phrase repeatedly to oneself is called the _____ technique.
concentration
Awareness of internal states, mental processes, and the external environment describes:
consciouness
precedural memories
consolidated by REM sleep and NREM stage 2 sleep. involving learning a new skill or task until it can be performed automatically.
electroencephalograph
invention by Hans Berger that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity, refered to as brain waves.
While going for her routine annual physical examination, Ms. Byrd, who is 80 years old, tells her doctor that she has trouble falling asleep. One would expect her physician to tell her that she:
is experiencing sleep latency, which is relatively normal for her age.
Joseph has been staying up night after night to prepare for his final papers and exams. After a long period of sleep deprivation, he starts to experience episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds, which occur during wakefulness. Joseph is experiencing:
microsleeps
open monitoring techniques
monitoring the content of experience from moment to moment
adenosine
more adenosine levels, more need for sleep. Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors.
Phillis has just had a very painful operation. Her doctors are MOST likely to prescribe _____ for her pain relief.
morphine
The part of the brain that regulates the production of the hormone, melatonin, is called the _____.
pineal gland
Lou is worried that he will become addicted to the drug he has been taking to relieve his pain. He is MOST apt to be taking a(n):
opiate
Addictive drugs that mimic endorphins and relieve pain and produce euphoria
opioids. Ex: opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, Demerol, Percodan, OxyContin
Mrs. Jones takes her 7-year-old son to the pediatrician because she is concerned that something is wrong with him, as he has been suffering from night terrors and occasionally walks in his sleep. Mrs. Jones' doctor assures her that her son is a normal child who is likely suffering from:
parasomnias
insomnia
person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.
Gerard is under hypnosis and recalls being left in a restaurant when he was a little boy. His therapist suggests to him that he will forget this memory on waking out of the hypnosis. The therapist is trying to induce ____ amnesia.
posthypnotic
inattentional deafness
so engrossed in a book or video that we fail to hear a question being asked
awareness of internal sensation
such as hunger or a throbbing headache
planning and active problem-solving
such as mentally rehearsing an upcoming meeting with your adviser.
When Anthony left the sleep research study, his body clock was reset by exposure to ____________, and his _____________ returned to a normal 24-hour cycle.
sunlight, circadian rhythms
focused attention
on reading the textbook
Stage 3 NREM
slow-wave deep sleep. where 10-50% of total brain activity is delta waves.
Stages 3 and 4 of sleep are also known as:
slow-wave sleep.
Unconscious parallel processing
"automatic pilot" taking care of routine business.
Stage 2 NREM
*sleep spindles* and *K complexes*. brain activity continues to slow down considerably, breathing becomes rhythmical, muscle twitches may occur, theta waves are predominant but delta waves emerge.
limits of hyponsis
1) you cannot by hypnotized against your will 2) hypnosis cannot make you perform behaviors that are contrary to your morals and values 3) hypnosis cannot make you stronger than your physical capabilities or bestow new talents. But can increase self-confidence and concentration.
Freud's 2 components on dreams
1)manifest content 2)latent content he contended that "wish-fulfillment is the meaning of each and every dream." he believed that dreaming is the release of unconscious urges.
Characteristics of attention
1. attention has a limited capacity 2. attention is selective 3. attention can be "blind and deaf"
The scientific study of sleep began in the:
1950s
Anthony participated in a sleep research study in which he spent two months in a laboratory isolated from sunlight and other natural light/dark cues. Eventually, his body clock drifted to a ____________ hour daily cycle.
24.2
Stage 4 NREM
50% of total brain activity is delta waves. takes 20-40 minutes to reach 100%. Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to their lowest levels. sleepwalking occurs uring stage 4.
The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep in America Poll results reveal that approximately ____________ percent of people experience regular sleep disruptions.
70
Self-consciousness
Attention is drawn to the self as an object, almost completely (meditation)
Which statement about sleepwalking is true?
Behavior during sleepwalking can range from calm to agitated.
effects of cycles with blindness
Blind people can experience desynchronized melatonin, body temperature, and sleep-wake circadian cycles.
Processes affected by circadian rhythm
Body temp Cortisol secretion Sleep and wakefulness Secretion of melatonin Release of growth hormone.
beta brain waves
Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.
alpha brain waves
Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.
inhalants
Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness. Paint solvents, spray paint, gasoline, and aerosol sprays.
dissociative anesthetics
Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. PCP affects levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate, indirectly stimulating the release of dopamine in the brain.
While George is participating in a sleep research study, a PET scan reveals decreased activity in his frontal lobes and primary visual cortex, and increased activity in areas of the limbic system that are associated with emotion, memory, and motivation. According to the Focus on Neuroscience box, George is most likely experiencing:
REM sleep and dreams
Nightmares are to _____ as night terrors are to _____.
REM sleep; slow-wave NREM sleep
After Harry has been asleep for about an hour or so, his heart begins to beat faster, his breathing becomes irregular, his voluntary muscle activity is suppressed, and his eyes move rapidly back and forth beneath his closed eyelids. It is most probable that Harry is in _________ and is therefore experiencing _________.
REM; paradoxical sleep
drug abuse
Recurrent substance use that involves impaired control, disruption of social, occupational, and interpersonal functioning, and the development of craving, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms.
stimulant-induced psychosis
Schizophrenia-like symptoms (auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarrely paranoid ideas) that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use; also called amphetamine-induced psychosis or cocaine-induced psychosis.
Mr. Godfrey has cancer; he was given marijuana to counter the nausea and vomiting that occurred after chemotherapy treatments. The active ingredient that makes this a useful drug in such cases is:
THC
attention
The capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts or sensations.
electroencephalogram (EEG)
The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph
posthypnotic amnesia
The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion.
dissociation (Hilgard)
The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.
Information Processing Theory
The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli.
Hilgard's neodissociation theory of hypnosis
Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during hypnosis.
Which of the following can be said about the sleep that occurs after the first 90 minutes of sleep?
There is a cycling between NREM and REM sleep.
transcendental meditation (TM)
a focused attention technique that involved mentally repeating a mantra given to the practitioner by a teacher. Many studies showed that even beginning meditators practicing TM experienced a state of lowered physical arousal, including a decrease in heart rate, lower blood pressure, and changes in brain waves associated with relaxation. used to relieve stress and improve cardiovascular health
Inattentional blindness is:
a normal perceptual phenomenon.
age regression
a phenomenon that hypnosis cna allow people to reexperience an earlier stage of life
While Matt is under hypnosis, the hypnotist tells him that he remembers being lost in a shopping mall as a young child. After being brought out of hypnosis, Matt is completely convinced that the incident occurred and describes it in detail. The hypnotist has successfully created _____________________.
a pseudomemory
Rodney believes that dreaming is simply the subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals during sleep. It start with automatic activation of brain stem circuits that then arouse more sophisticated brain areas. Rodney's views are most consistent with the _____ theory of dreams.
activation-synthesis
Caffeine is an ________ to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine because it ________ the acetylcholine's effect.
agonist; enhances
Caffeine is an _______ to the NT Ach because it ______________.
agonist; enhances the Ach effect
How Alcohol effects the brain and behavior
alcohol lessens inhibitions by depressing the brain centers responsible for judgment and self-control. Reduced inhibitions and self-control contribute to the aggressive and violent behavior sometimes associated with alcohol abuse.
Stage 1 NREM
alpha waves replaced with theta waves, gradually disengage from sensations fo the surrounding world, but can quizkly regain conscious alertness if needed. *transition between wakefulness and sleep, associated w imagery resembling hallucinations*
When a person is awake and relaxed with their eyes closed an EEG will produce
alpha waves.
While under hypnosis, Salim. is told that the letter "X" does not exist in the alphabet. On coming out of his hypnotic trance, Salim is asked to recite the alphabet, and when he does, he skips the letter "X." This example illustrates posthypnotic _____.
amnesia
If one must multitask, it would be best to choose:
an auditory and a visual task.
A man is most likely to dream about ___________ in his dream
another man
According to the social-cognitive view of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized:
are highly motivated to respond to social demands, but are not in any special state of consciousness.
___ can be defined as the capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli or aspects of the environment.
attention
Jackson and his parents argue all the time about his playing the radio while he does homework. His parents say it is a serious distraction; Jackson claims it isn't. Jackson could be right because:
auditory tasks interfere less with visual tasks.
level of brain waves most awake to most sleepy
beta alpha theta delta
addiction
broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug
Worldwide, the most commonly used psychoactive drugs are:
caffeine and alcohol.
Sheila was angry with her boyfriend for not noticing her new hairstyle. Her friend recently studied consciousness and attention in her psychology class. She told Sheila that she shouldn't be angry because this was just :
change blindness
an MRI scan of the brain of an _________ is likely to show about a 10% tissue loss in the limbic areas associated with emotion and reward, as well as significant tissue loss in the hippocampal regions with learning and memory
chronic methamphetamine user
It is important she is able to sleep during the day. To do this, she uses earplugs and an eye mask. If she does NOT "trick" her body into thinking it is night, then the sunlight will reset her _____.
circadian rhythm
Drugs that inhibit central nervous system activity; produce drowsiness, sedation, or sleep; and may reduce anxiety and lower inhibitions
depressants. ex: alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, inhalants
psilocybin
derived from Psilocybe mushrooms, which are sometimes referred to as "magic mushrooms" or "shrooms."
Curtis has been blind since birth. Like many blind people, he may experience _____ because he is unable to detect the light that normally sets the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
desynchronized circadian rhythms
Using a headset or Bluetooth while driving and talking on a cell phone:
did not improve safety, but not as dangerous as handheld phone.
evolutionary adaptation (adaptive sleep theory)
different sleep patterns evolved as a way of conserving energy and preventing a particular species from interacting with the environment when doing so is most hazardous. ex: hibernation
The class of drugs that reduces sensitivity to pain and produces feelings of detachment and dissociation is called:
dissociative anesthetics.
Drugs that produce feelings of detachment and depersonalization
dissociative anesthetics. Ex: PCP, ketamine
Gabe's mother was nearly hysterical when she saw him pull up in the family car talking to someone on his cell phone using a head set. She yelled, "Don't you know that talking on the phone, even with a head set, is as dangerous as:
driving while drunk!"
opiods
drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and that relieve pain and produce euphoria.
depressants
drugs that depress, or inhibit, brain activity. (alcohol)
psychedelic drugs
drugs that distort sensory perceptions.
stimulants
drugs that stimulate, or excite, brain activity. (caffiene)
the dreams most likely to be remembered occur
during the early morning
At a recent dorm party, Sueanne agreed to take a club drug that, in her, created a stimulating and mild psychedelic effect. Sueanne has likely experimented with ________________.
ecstasy
Neurocognitive model of dreaming
emphasizes the *continuity of waking and dreaming cognition*, and states that dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduced sensory input and the absence of voluntary control. Domhoff said dreams reflect our interests, personality, and individual worries.
Henry is having a memory of the time that his mother used to tie his shoes as a child. According to the text, this is a(n) _____ memory.
episodic
Scientific studies on meditation have shown that:
even beginning meditators can experience improvements in attention and memory
Mary Lou has been sleeping only about 4 hours per night for a few nights. According to the research on sleep deprivation, Mary Lou is MOST likely to:
experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, and perceptual skills.
Ms. Dittus reports to her doctor that sometimes she notices that just as she is falling asleep, she is jolted awake by a muscle spasm. Ms. Dittus's doctor says that she has most likely experienced the most common hypnagogic hallucination of _____ accompanied by _____.
falling; a myoclonic jerk
To help deal with the stress of his busy schedule, Erik meditates for about 15 minutes on the commuter train as he is going to and from work. His meditation consists of mentally repeating the word peace without becoming distracted by passing thoughts. Erik is using a(n) _____________________ technique of meditation.
focused attention
Focused attention techniques
focusing awareness on a visual image or an object; the sensation of breathing; or a sound, word, or phrase.
episodic memories
from personally experienced events. (childhood memories) formed by NREM sleep.
Psychedelic drugs are also called:
hallucinogens
psychedlic drugs are also called
hallucinogens
Jill is very responsive to hypnotic suggestions. Jill probably _____________________.
has a very vivid imagination and a rich fantasy life
After Blake goes to bed, his brain is primarily generating alpha brain waves. It is MOST likely that Blake:
has his eyes closed and is very relaxed, but is not yet asleep.
Richard has just finished his fourth night shift and is driving home from work in the bright morning light. The MOST likely effect of this exposure to bright morning light will be that:
his production of melatonin will be decreased.
Juanita witnessed a robbery, but her recall of the event is vague. Police investigators used hypnosis in an attempt to enhance her memory. The hypnotic effect that the investigators hoped for is called _____.
hypermnesia, not likely to be successful
Genie goes to bed at her regular time, and as she begins to drift slowly off to sleep, she jumps up suddenly as she feels she is falling down the stairs. This is best explained by a(n) _____.
hypnagogic hallucination
Boris wants to quit smoking. Boris believes that he can quit if he undergoes anti-smoking suggestions while in an altered state of consciousness, and schedules an appointment with a(n):
hypnotist
Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis would suggest that:
hypnotized subjects are people caught up in playing the role of hypnotic subject for the hypnotist.
when do shifts in sleep positions occur?
immediately before and after REM episodes
Eight-year-old Billy gets out of bed at 1 a.m. and starts to sleepwalk. He is MOST likely:
in slow-wave Stage 3 or 4 NREM sleep.
a person who sleep for eight hours dreams MOST frequently
in the second half of their sleep
The use of cell phones while driving is believed to be particularly perilous because such conversations are apt to produce:
inattentional blindness
A man in a gorilla suit rode through campus in a tiny clown car singing loudly. He was part of a psychology experiment, and student researchers interviewed people who had been in the same area. They found that no one who had been talking on a cell phone had noticed this even though it was within a few feet of them. This is an example of:
inattentional deafness
Absorption in a visual task can cause:
inattentional deafness
pseudomemories
incorrect memories as a result of hypnosis
REM sleep
increase in limbic system brain areas associated with emotion, motivation, and memory Increased activity in associated areas of the visual cortex.
Dual processing
information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious levels.
REM Sleep
last 5-15 minutes, dreams occur, brain becomes more active generating smaller and faster waves. rapid eye movements, heart rate and blood pressure fluctuate, twitches and sexual arousal occur. (first REM episode occurs after cycles back from 4 to 3 to 2, takes 90 minutes)
One study showed that people talking on a cell phone while driving were more impaired than when the same drivers were:
legally drunk
Sleep restriction does NOT produce:
less volatile moods
The "drug reward" system in the brain is found primarily in the _______ system.
limbic
the "drug reward" system in the brain in found primarily in the ____________ system.
limbic
some of the benefits of practicing transcendental meditation are that it can help with:
lowering physiological arousal, decreasing heart rate, and lowering blood pressure
According to the In Focus box titled "What You Really Want to Know About Dreams," one of the signs of a ___________ dreamer has to do with the dreamer's ability to guide the course of the dream, replaying parts of it, and determining the dream's direction.
lucid
Brianna, who has a very warm, loving relationship with her husband, dreamed that she had an intense, emotional argument with him in which she shouted and screamed and called him horrible names. Her psychoanalyst suggested that Brianna must have some deeply repressed anger and frustration toward her father that is expressed symbolically in the dream about her husband. Brianna's account of the dream represents the _____, and her therapist's account represents the _____.
manifest content; latent content
During psychotherapy sessions, Jake's therapist asks him to describe his dreams in detail so that the therapist can help him uncover the hidden meaning of the dream images. Jake is describing the _____________________ content of his dreams. The therapist is trying to decipher the _____________________ content of Jake's dreams.
manifest; latent
During a very intense game of pool, Regina is attempting a difficult shot that will win her the game when she suddenly loses complete muscle control and falls fast asleep on the pool table. Regina probably suffers from
narcolepsy
Simone has been prescribed medication to keep him awake and less likely to fall asleep behind the wheel of his car. He most likely suffers from _____.
narcolepsy
Adenosine
neurotransmitter that puts us to sleep at night. Coffee blocks action of adenosine. (sleeping pills just keep us from staying awake, they don't put us to sleep)
Mrs. Johnson is unable to sleep because her husband snores so loudly. He snorts as though he is gulping for air throughout the night, especially when he sleeps on his back. During the day Mr. Johnson is constantly tired. Mr. Johnson is probably suffering from _____________________.
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
inattentional blindness
occurs when we simply don't notice some significant object or event that is in our clear field of vision. (focusing on your phone and not noticing a clown walk by)
While Rosemary is under hypnosis, she is told that she will not know what color her eyes are when she wakes up. Upon waking, she is asked to name her eye color and replies, "I don't know." This inability to recall specific information because of a posthypnotic suggestion is called:
posthypnotic amnesia.
Jane has asthma. She wants to find a way to control her asthma without always relying on her rescue inhaler. She visits a hypnotherapist and within a month is less reliant on her inhaler because of the:
posthypnotic suggestions.
LSD
powerful psychedelic drug
REM-on neurons
produce acetylcholine. When threshold is reached, Increased brain activity,Rapid eye movement, Suppressed voluntary muscle movements.
REM-off neurons
produce norepinephrine and serotonin, suppress REM sleep
Activation-synthesis model of dreaming
proposed by J. Hobson and Robert McCarley. The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis). Due to lack of a stimulus.
Drugs that create perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking
psychedelic drugs. Ex: LSD, mescaline, marijuana
Mind-altering substances are called ________ drugs.
psychoactive
choice blindness
refer to the lack of awareness of our own decision and preferences.
change blindness
refers to not noticing when something changes such as when a friend gets a haircut or shaves his beard, and people change positions behind a door/desk.
multi-tasking
refers to paying attention to two or more sources of stimuli at once. *involves division of attention* when attention is divided among different tasks and each task receive less attention and is impaired.
Change blindness is:
relatively common.
State View
represented by neodissociation theory of hypnosis. Consciousness is split between conscious awareness and dissociated.
In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only if they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves:
role playing.
Margaret was reading a Stephen King novel before falling asleep and then awoke, unable to move, having had a dream that she was being burglarized. Margaret very likely experienced:
sleep paralysis
Terrence has been preparing for a work presentation he has to deliver the next day. He becomes frustrated because he is tossing and turning the night before the presentation, and his mind keeps repeating the information he has been preparing all day. The phenomenon Terrence is experiencing is called _____.
sleep thinking
The night before an important job interview, Madison doesn't sleep well. Each time she briefly awakens, the vague, thought-like imagery filling her mind is that of rehearsing details she wants to remember to say during the interview. These ruminations during sleep represent _____________________.
sleep thinking
Compared to his 80-year-old grandfather, 7-year-old Vance spends more of each night in ____________ sleep.
slow-wave
According to the Critical Thinking box titled "Is Hypnosis a Special State of Consciousness?," the ____________ theory suggests that hypnotic subjects are responding to social demands by acting the way they think good hypnotic subjects should act and by conforming to expectations and situational cues.
social-cognitive
Serial conscious processing
solving problems with focused attention
what can be concluded by dream content
speculating about dream sequences may reveal more about the interpreter than about the dream itself.
You've been asleep for about 10 minutes and are experiencing brief bursts of brain activity, called sleep spindles. This means that you are in ____________ sleep.
stage 2 NREM
After a person has been in stage 3 sleep they will next progress into:
stage 2 sleep.
Deep sleep is considered to begin in _____ of sleep.
stage 3.
During a sleep study, the lab assistant wakes you and asks you to recite the alphabet backwards. You do so, but remember nothing about this event when asked the next morning. You were probably awakened during _____________.
stage 4 NREM
Lisa suddenly sat up in bed and started screaming and struggling with the blankets. Although her eyes were open, she didn't seem aware of her surroundings. After a few minutes, she fell back asleep. In the morning she remembered nothing of the incident. Lisa was probably in _____________________ sleep and experiencing a _____________________.
stage 4 NREM; sleep terror
deepest stage of NREM sleep?
stages 3 and 4 during the first two 90-minute cycles.
Due to prolonged, heavy use of cocaine, Andrew suffers schizophrenia-like symptoms, including auditory hallucinations of "voices," and bizarre, paranoid ideas. Andrew's symptoms suggest that he has:
stimulant-induced psychosis (cocaine psychosis).
Addictive drugs that increase brain activity and mental alertness
stimulants. Ex: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, cocaine
How Heroin and Morphine work in the synapse
stimulate endorphin receptors. Causing sense of well-being, drowsiness.
misdirection
strategy of selective attention where magicians draw the audience's attention away from the "method" or secret action, and towards the "effect".
Functions of sleep
strengthening new memories and integrating new memories with existing memories. Preserves emotional memories and memories of details.
social-cognitive view of hypnosis
subjects act the way they think good hypnotic subjects are supposed to act, conforming to the expectations of the hypnotist, their own expectations, and situational cues.
Non-State View
subjects are responding to the social demands of the hypnosis situation
People have no problem staying up a little later each night on weekends. The most likely explanation for this is that:
the SCN naturally tends toward a 24.2-hour day.
In a crowded room where there are many conversations going on at once, Jamilla hears only the one conversation that contains her name. This example of the nature of attention is called _____ .
the cocktail party effect
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Dr. Hayward uses hypnosis ona patient during a root canal prodcedure. When he asks her to raise her hand if some part of her can feel pain, she raises her hand. This illustrates
the hidden observer
Dr. Hayward uses hypnosis on a patient during a root canal procedure. When he asks her to raise her hand if some part of her can feel pain, she raises her hand. This illustrates:
the hidden observer.
According to the activation-synthesis model, dreams are _____________________.
the subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals during sleep
Why is texting even more dangerous than talking on a cell phone when driving?
they are both visual tasks
myoclonic jerk
vivid sensation of falling accompanied by an involuntary muscle spasm of the whole body that jolts the person completely awake. also known as sleep starts.
If Jackie wants to be able to sleep when she gets off the night shift, she should:
wear dark sunglasses on the drive home.
delirium tremens (DTs)
withdrawal or physical depndence on alcohol may involve confusion, hallucinations, and severe tremors or seizures.
Amelia learned that auditory stimuli is less likely to interfere with visual tasks so she feels justified in listening in to her neighbors arguing while reading a tax booklet and doing her taxes. Amelia is:
wrong because listening to her neighbors takes a great deal of concentration.
