Psychology Chapter 4

consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

_______________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours a. biological b. circadian c. rotating d. conscious

b. circadian

___________ has its roots in religious practices a. hypnosis b. meditation c. cognitive therapy d. behavioral therapy

b. meditation

____________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function a. growth hormone b. melatonin c. LH d. FSH

b. melatonin

_______________ is another word for sleepwalking a. insomnia b. somnambulism c. cataplexy d. narcolepsy

b. somnambulism

_____________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy. a. RBD b. CPAP c. cataplexy d. insomnia

c. cataplexy

Symptoms of ___________ may be improved by REM deprivation a. schizophrenia b. Parkinson's disease c. depression d. generalized anxiety disorder

c. depression

the body's biological clock is located in the a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. pituitary gland

c. hypothalamus

______________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug. a. withdrawal b. psychological dependence c. tolerance d. reuptake

c. tolerance

meditation may be helpful in ______________ a. pain management b. stress control c. treating the flu d. both a and b

d. both a and b

evolutionary psychology

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

stage 1 sleep

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

stage 4 sleep

fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

latent content

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

melatonin

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

How is narcolepsy with cataplexy similar to and different from REM sleep?

imilarities include muscle atony and the hypnagogic hallucinations associated with narcoleptic episodes. The differences involve the uncontrollable nature of narcoleptic attacks and the fact that these come on in situations that would normally not be associated with sleep of any kind (e.g., instances of heightened arousal or emotionality).

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

infant, one year old or younger, with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

hallucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

parinsomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

codeine

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

restless leg syndrome

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

central sleep apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

sleep

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

hypnosis

state of extreme self focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

tolerance

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

meta-analysis

study that combines the results of several related studies

methadone

synthetic opiod that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

rotating shift work

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

opiate/opiod

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

lucid dream

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

non-REM (NREM)

period of sleep outside period of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

cognitive behaviorial therapy

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

sleep debt

results of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

stage 2 sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

sleep rebound

sleep deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

obstructive sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

night terror

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

stage 3 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

methamphetamine

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over the counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

delta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

theta wave

type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep

alpha wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

methadone clinic

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

withdrawal

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

K-complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

Why are programs designed to educate people about the dangers of using tobacco products just as important as developing tobacco cessation programs?

Given that currently available programs designed to help people quit using tobacco products are not necessarily effective in the long term, programs designed to prevent people from using these products in the first place may be the best hope for dealing with the enormous public health concerns associated with tobacco use.

Healthcare professionals often work rotating shifts. Why is this problematic? What can be done to deal with potential problems?

Given that rotating shift work can lead to exhaustion and decreased mental efficiency, individuals working under these conditions are more likely to make mistakes on the job. The implications for this in the health care professions are obvious. Those in health care professions could be educated about the benefits of light-dark exposure to help alleviate such problems.

What advantages exist for researching the potential health benefits of hypnosis?

Healthcare and pharmaceutical costs continue to skyrocket. If alternative approaches to dealing with these problems could be developed that would be relatively inexpensive, then the potential benefits are many.

What types of studies would be most convincing regarding the effectiveness of meditation in the treatment for some type of physical or mental disorder?

Ideally, double-blind experimental trials would be best suited to speak to the effectiveness of meditation. At the very least, some sort of randomized control trial would be very informative.

Differentiate the evolutionary theories of sleep and make a case for the one with the most compelling evidence.

One evolutionary theory of sleep holds that sleep is essential for restoration of resources that are expended during the demands of day-to-day life. A second theory proposes that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. The first theory has little or no empirical support, and the second theory is supported by some, though not all, research.

_____________ refers to drug craving a. psychological dependence b. antagonism c. agonism d. physical dependence

a. psychological dependence

sleepwalking

also somnambulism, sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

LSD affects ______________ neurotransmission a. dopamine b. serotonin c. acetylcholine d. norepinephrine

b. serotonin

___________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks a. melatonin b. slow-wave sleep c. sleep deprivation d. growth hormone

b. slow-wave sleep

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with _________ sleep a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 and stage 4 d. REM

b. stage 2

circadian rhythm

biological rhythm that occurs approximately 24 hours

sleep regulation

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

growth hormone is secreted by the ____________ while we sleep a. pineal gland b. thyroid c. pituitary gland d. pancreas

c. pituitary gland

___________ is (are) described as slow-wave sleep a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 and stage 4 d. REM sleep

c. stage 3 and stage 4

physical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

meditation

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

stimulant drugs include

cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, cathinones, MDMA ecstasy, nicotine, and caffeine

jet lag

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

insomnia

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least 3 nights a week over a month's time

the ____________ plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. pons d. both a and b

d. both a and b

cocaine blocks the reuptake of ____________ a. GABA b. glutamate c. acetylcholine d. dopamine

d. dopamine

The most common treatment for ____________ involves the use of amphetamine like medications a. sleep apnea b. RBD c. SIDS d. narcolepsy

d. narcolepsy

_____________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep a. jet lag b. rotating shift work c. circadian rhythm d. sleep debt

d. sleep debt

continuous positive airwary pressure (CPAP)

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

stimulant

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

depressant

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system acitivty

psychological dependence

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

pineal gland

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

euphoric high

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

biological rhythm

internal cycle of biological activity

cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

An individual may suffer from _____________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing. a. central sleep apnea b. obstructive sleep apnea c. narcolepsy d. SIDS

a. central sleep apnea

________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion a. hypnosis b. meditation c. mindful awareness d. cognitive therapy

a. hypnosis

research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by _____________ a. hypnosis b. meditation c. mindful awareness d. progressive relaxation

a. hypnosis

The ______________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream a. latent b. manifest c. collective unconscious d. important

a. latent

____________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks a. light dark exposure b. coffee consumption c. alcohol consumption d. napping

a. light dark exposure

One of the recommendations that therapists will make to people who suffer from insomnia is to spend less waking time in bed. Why do you think spending waking time in bed might interfere with the ability to fall asleep later?

Answers will vary. One possible explanation might invoke principles of associative learning. If the bed represents a place for socializing, studying, eating, and so on, then it is possible that it will become a place that elicits higher levels of arousal, which would make falling asleep at the appropriate time more difficult. Answers could also consider self-perpetuating cycle referred to when describing insomnia. If an individual is having trouble falling asleep and that generates anxiety, it might make sense to remove him from the context where sleep would normally take place to try to avoid anxiety being associated with that context.

Generally, humans are considered diurnal which means we are awake during the day and asleep during the night. Many rodents, on the other hand, are nocturnal. Why do you think different animals have such different sleep-wake cycles?

Different species have different evolutionary histories, and they have adapted to their environments in different ways. There are a number of different possible explanations as to why a given species is diurnal or nocturnal. Perhaps humans would be most vulnerable to threats during the evening hours when light levels are low. Therefore, it might make sense to be in shelter during this time. Rodents, on the other hand, are faced with a number of predatory threats, so perhaps being active at night minimizes the risk from predators such as birds that use their visual senses to locate prey.

Some people claim that sleepwalking and talking in your sleep involve individuals acting out their dreams. Why is this particular explanation unlikely?

Dreaming occurs during REM sleep. One of the hallmarks of this particular stage of sleep is the paralysis of the voluntary musculature which would make acting out dreams improbable.

barbiturates and benzodiazepines serve as agonists of GABA

GABA and GABA agonists often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia

The negative health consequences of both alcohol and tobacco products are well-documented. A drug like marijuana, on the other hand, is generally considered to be as safe, if not safer than these legal drugs. Why do you think marijuana use continues to be illegal in many parts of the United States?

One possibility involves the cultural acceptance and long history of alcohol and tobacco use in our society. No doubt, money comes into play as well. Growing tobacco and producing alcohol on a large scale is a well-regulated and taxed process. Given that marijuana is essentially a weed that requires little care to grow, it would be much more difficult to regulate its production. Recent events suggest that cultural attitudes regarding marijuana are changing, and it is quite likely that its illicit status will be adapted accordingly.

How could researchers determine if given areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of sleep?

Researchers could use lesion or brain stimulation techniques to determine how deactivation or activation of a given brain region affects behavior. Furthermore, researchers could use any number of brain imaging techniques like fMRI or CT scans to come to these conclusions.

Freud believed that dreams provide important insight into the unconscious mind. He maintained that a dream's manifest content could provide clues into an individual's unconscious. What potential criticisms exist for this particular perspective?

The subjective nature of dream analysis is one criticism. Psychoanalysts are charged with helping their clients interpret the true meaning of a dream. There is no way to refute or confirm whether or not these interpretations are accurate. The notion that "sometimes a cigar is just a cigar" (sometimes attributed to Freud but not definitively shown to be his) makes it clear that there is no systematic, objective system in place for dream analysis.

If theories that assert sleep is necessary for restoration and recovery from daily energetic demands are correct, what do you predict about the relationship that would exist between individuals' total sleep duration and their level of activity?

Those individuals (or species) that expend the greatest amounts of energy would require the longest periods of sleep.