Psychology Chapter 4

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Mall region of the hypothalamus where information about light is sent This region then sends signals to the pineal gland which secretes melatonin

Concentrative mediation

Mental exercise based on attending to a single object or thought

Non-REM dreams

Often very dull dreams, mundane activities

Consciousness

One's subjective experience of the world, resulting from brain activity

Selective attention

People can only pay attention to some/certain things at a time

Global workspace model

Posits that consciousness arises as a function of which brain circuits are active you experience your brain regions' output as conscious awareness

Dreams

Products of an altered state of consciousness in which images and fantasies are confused with reality

Causes of sleep deprivation

Sleep disorders: insomnia, narcolepsy, RBD, sleepwalking, nightmares and night terrors, hyper insomnia, sleep apnea

Sleep needs

Sleep is though to have evolved for very important functions After vigorous exercise people tend to sleep more Restorative theory

First delta waves

Stage 3 of sleep Occasional __________

Delta waves

Stage 4 of sleep Sleep spindles and k complexes return When waves from stage 1 comes you enter REM

Light sleep

Stage one of sleep Theta waves

Sleep spindles

Stage two of sleep theta waves occasionally show really fast __________ Sometimes really high energy waves (k complexes) will be changed

3 types of dream theory

biological, cognitive, psychoanalytical

EEG electroencephalography

How we measure sleep recording of electrical activity along scalp produced by firing of neurons within brain

Brain death

Irreversible loss of brain function No activity is found in any region of the brain

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Insomnia

A disorder characterized by an inability to sleep

Obstructive sleep apnea

A disorder in which a person, while asleep, stops breaking because his other throat closes; the condition results in frequent awakenings during the NIGHT

Change blindness

A failure to notice large changes in one's environment

Hypnotic analgesia

A form of pain reduction One of the most powerful uses of hypnosis Scientifically proven to work

Meditation

A mental procedure that focus attention on an external object or on a sense of awareness Ex: concentrative meditation and mindfulness meditation

narcolepsy

A sleep disorder in which people experience excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing

Hypnosis

A social interaction during which a person, responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action

Interpreter

A term specific to the left hemisphere; refers to the left hemisphere's attempts to make sense of actions and ongoing events

Activation-synthesis theory

A theory of dreaming; this theory proposes that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories Essentially, dreams are the side effects of mental processes produced by random neural firing

Latent content

According to Freud, what a dream symbolizes the material that is disguised in a dream to protect the dreamer from confronting a conflict directly

Neodissociation theory of hypnosis

Acknowledges the importance of social context to hypnosis, but views the hypnotic state as an altered state

Sleep consolidation

An essential function of neuroplasticity where info we learn throughout the day is thought to be solidified

REM

Anadult will typically have about 8 _______ cycles a night Full blown dreams are less common during non REM development of sleep over life span Amount of time spent in REM sleep declines rapidly between birth and childhood, and continues to decline as we age

Minimally conscious state

Between a vegetative state and full consciousness People with brain injuries in this state ca make some deliberate movements, such as following an object with their eyes

Beta waves

Brain waves that are present when one is awake and alert

Sleep

Changing patters of brain wave activity help define the various stages of sleep

Addiction

Drug that remains compulsive despite its negative consequences

Hallucinogens/psychedelics

Effect: alter thoughts or perceptions Neurotransmitter systems: serotonin, glutamate Examples: LSD, PCP, mushrooms

Depressants

Effect: decrease behavioral and mental activity Neurotransmitter system: GABA Examples: anti-anxiety drugs, alcohol

Stimulants

Effect: increase behavioral and mental activity Neurotransmitter system: dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine Example: cocaine, nicotine, caffeine

Amphetamines

Effect: reduce fatigue, weight loss and staying awake, insomnia, anxiety, potential for addiction Neurotransmitter system: dopamine Ex: adderall

Opiates/narcotics

Effect: reduce the experience of pain Neurotransmitter: endorphins Examples: heroin, morphine

Withdrawal

Failing to ingest the substance that a person is addicted to A physiological and psychological state characterized by feelings of anxiety, tension, and cravings for addictive substance

Light sleep, sleep spindles, first delta waves, delta waves

Four stages of sleep brain waves become slower as sleep depends from stage 1-4

Psychoanalytical dream theory

Freud's unconscious wish fulfillment theory dealing with sexual and agressive instincts motivate behavior, repressed urges and wishes surface in dreams

Restorative theory

Growth hormone is released during sleep

Manifest content

The dream the way a dreamer remembers it

Subliminal perception

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness

Circadien rhythms

The regulation of biological cycles into regular patterns Cycles affect many body functions Sensitive to light from environment Cycles remain even when light isn't available

REM sleep

The stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, dreaming, and paralysis of motor systems

Sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

Theory that hypnotized people behave as they expect hypnotized people to behave

Alpha waves

Type of waves that are present when a person is relaxed/drowsy

Persistent vegetative state

When a coma lasts for more than a month

Tolerance

When a person needs to consume more of a particular substance to achieve the same subjective effect

Freudian slip

When an unconscious thought is suddenly expressed at an inappropriate time or in an inappropriate social context

Pseudoinsomnia

When people believe that they have insomnia, but they're actually just dreaming that they are awake

biological dream theory

activation-synthesis theory

Cognitive dream theory

dreams are a mean to problem solving Reheard potential strategies in dreams because they are not contained by reality

Pineal gland

released melatonin

Mindfulness mediation

teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that flow through their minds during meditation and to accept such thoughts in a nonjudgemental way