psychology- chapter 4 online test

A hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep and not-yet-fully-awake is:

a hypnopompic hallucination

According to the ________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.

activation-synthesis hypothesis

The _________ theory of sleep says that sleep is a product of evolution.

adaptive

After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd is in a state of:

drug-induced consciousness

Opium and its derivatives duplicate the action of:

endorphins

The real inquiry into the process of dreaming was begun by:

freud

Which of the following is TRUE about REM sleep?

it is when 90 percent of dreams occur

If your psychoanalyst tells you that your emergence from a bathtub in your dream is symbolic of being born, she is talking about your dream's:

latent content

In studies in which volunteers spend several days without access to information about day or night, their sleep-wake cycles:

lengthened

________ suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins.

narcotics

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis assumes that people who are hypnotized are:

only playing a role

Carmen stayed up all night studying, getting only about two hours of sleep total. While she was able to finish her exam, she was unable to focus, and much of what she had studied the night before seemed to be forgotten. Carmen's inability to remember and to stay focused during her exam is most likely due to _______.

sleep deprivation

The ________ is the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

One theory of dreaming says that the brain _________, or puts together, an explanation of the cortex's activation from memories and other stored information.

synthesizes

In the early stages of sleep, _______ waves appear.

theta

Physical sensations, such as nausea or extreme pain, that occur when the body is trying to adjust to the absence of a drug are called:

withdrawal

A person has entered N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4) sleep when delta waves account for ___ percent or more of brain wave activity.

20

About ___ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects.

40

Nearly ____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.

50;20

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during:

N1 (R&K stage 1)

The heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and an EEG would show the first signs of sleep spindles in:

N2 (R&K stage 2)

The body is at its lowest level of functioning during:

N3 (R&K stages 3 and 4)

______ is a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

REM behavior disorder

_________ has been used as a successful defense in some murder trials.

REM behavior disorder

The minor tranquilizers

are commonly used to treat anxiety

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our:

biological rhythms

People under hypnosis:

can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session.

Both marijuana and hashish contain:

cannabinoids

A sudden loss of muscle tone is called:

cataplexy

John has tried every type of depressant drug he could find. Which of the following is a drug he hasn't tried yet?

cocaine

In a(n) __________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness.

cognitive neuroscience

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective?

controlling pain

____________ works to change the way people think about the stresses in their lives and react to those stressors, working toward more effective coping without using drugs.

counterconditioning

Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of:

divided consciousness

According to researchers, men tend to:

have more physical aggression in their dreams than women

Sleep apnea has been shown to cause:

heart problems

Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by __________ during the first stage of sleep.

hypnogogic images

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of:

increased alertness

Some instances of automobile accidents may have been caused by the driver falling asleep at the wheel, even though (s)he was certain that they had not slept. Which of the following may explain why this happens?

microsleeps

The higher the body temperature, the _________ people are.

more alert

When a person is slightly sleep deprived, ________ tasks will suffer less than _______ tasks.

more complex; simple

Predators such as lions sleep ________ their prey, the gazelle.

more hours per day than

At one point, ________ was used by doctors and dentists, sometimes as a numbing agent before extracting a tooth. It was not until much later that this drug's problematic characteristics were recognized.

morphine

David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from:

narcolepsy

Last night, Kayla thought she was awakened by a noise she heard outside of her bedroom door. As she tried to get up to see what was going on, she couldn't move. She tried to scream out and couldn't make a sound. After several minutes, she was finally able to sit up and wondered what had just happened. The best explanation for Kayla's experience, according to sleep researchers, is that she experienced ______.

sleep paralysis during REM sleep

Ecstasy is classified as a:

stimulatory hallucinogenic