Psychology Chapter 5

By _______ months, children can sit by themselves, without any help.

6

What is the process by which non-human newborn animals come to recognize the first moving object they see as their primary caregiver? Assimilation Habituation Imprinting Conservation

Imprinting

The rapid and innate learning of the caregivers' characteristics is considered _______ in some animals, especially birds.

imprinting

A child with _____ attachment shows odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. These children may be frightened or scared. insecure-resistant insecure-disorganized anxious-resistant secure-attached

insecure-disorganized

An _____ infant cannot be comforted by the caregiver on reunion and shows difficulty in returning to play. insecure-resistant insecure-avoidant securely attached

insecure-resistant

During _______ adulthood, the two challenges involve sensory and physical development.

middle

What is the single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg? Fetus Germinate Zygote Embryo

zygote

_______ is a basic, innate disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.

Temperment

The hallmark of formal operations thinking is the ability to begin to ask _______ philosophical, religious, and political questions.

abstract

In which of Piaget's stages can the individual begin to think abstractly? preoperational formal operational concrete operational sensorimotor

formal operational

By what age are children able to hold objects? Four months Three months Ten months Two months

four months

The study of ________ development is examining how one changes or stays the same across the lifespan.

human

_____ is the period when sexual maturation begins. Puberty Concrete operations Adolescence FASD

Puberty

Emerging _______ begins when one turns 18 years of age.

adulthood

The germinal stage begins at _____ and lasts the first two weeks.

conception

Social and cognitive theories explain gender and gender identity development as a product of _____ forces. genetic environmental behavioral personal

environmental behavioral personal

Which of the following are key changes during emerging adulthood? Relaxing and exploring many options Coping with increased responsibility Recognizing the need to make decisions Remembering not to settle on any one option for work

Coping with increased responsibility Recognizing the need to make decisions

Dementia has which of the following characteristics? Loss of the ability to form thoughts Difficulty in the use of language Loss of mental function, problem solving, and use language Loss of the ability to speak and hear properly.

Difficulty in the use of language Loss of mental function, problem solving, and use language

Which developmental stage involves coping with increased responsibility and recognizing the need to make decisions about some things that one has been exploring? Emerging adulthood Middle adulthood Adolescence Late adulthood

Emerging Adulthood

Prenatal programming is the process of -Events in the womb altering the development of physical and psychological health. -using educational influences to guide the development of the fetus. -environmental changes in living conditions while pregnant. -changing from an zygote to an embryo.

Events in the womb altering the development of physical and psychological health.

Mona identifies as a female; this identification reflects Mona's sexual orientation. group identification. genotype. gender identity.

Gender Identity

In the context of human development, which of the following is true of attachment? It usually causes distress in infants. It is a strong emotional connection that develops early in life. It is not related to social relationships. It does not develop a child's social development.

It is a strong emotional connection that develops early in life.

The person responsible for the most well-known account of moral development is Lawrence _______ .

Kohlberg

________ adulthood refers to the ages of 40 and 60 or 65.

Middle

Kohlberg is most associated with physical development. cognitive development. social development. moral reasoning.

Moral reasoning

Which of the following is the process during months 3-5 of pregnancy by which neurons move from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent home? Synaptic pruning Neuronal migration Neuronal pruning Prenatal programming

Neuronal migration

_______ is the consistently unique way in which an individual behaves over time and in many different situations.

Personality

Which of the following is NOT a general category of temperament in children? Slow-to-warm up Easy Difficult Secure

Secure

Which Piaget stage involves infants learning their world, from their eyes, ears, and mouth? Sensory transformation Sensory growth Sensory-operational Sensorimotor

Sensorimotor

______ ______ reflects who a person is attracted to.

Sexual Orientaion

Which of the following is true regarding sexual orientation and gender identity? Gender identity depends upon sexual orientation. Sexual orientation depends upon gender identity. Sexual orientation and gender identity are not related. Gender identity determines sexual orientation.

Sexual orientation and gender identity are not related.

Which of the following behavior patterns, exhibited in the Ainsworth strange situation, is most likely that of an avoidantly attached child? -The child is anxious before and after the mother leaves the room and displays mixed reactions to her upon the mother's return. -The child does not exhibit distress when the mother leaves the room and does not go toward her when she returns. -The child is inconsistent and contradictory throughout the task. -The child explores and exhibits distress when the mother leaves but goes toward her when she returns.

The child does not exhibit distress when the mother leaves the room and does not go toward her when she returns.

Which of the following behavior patterns, exhibited in the strange situation task, is most likely that of a child with insecure-resistant attachment? The child is anxious before and after the mother leaves the room and displays mixed reactions to her upon the mother's return. The child explores, exhibits distress when the mother leaves, but goes towards her when she returns. The child is inconsistent and contradictory throughout the task. The child does not exhibit distress when the mother leaves the room and does not go towards her when she returns.

The child is anxious before and after the mother leaves the room and displays mixed reactions to her upon the mother's return.

Erikson's model of personality development consists of how many stages?

8

Separation anxiety typically occurs around ______ months of age.

9

Jacob is not considered a child, but he is also not an adult. Jacob would be considered a(n) _____ .

Adolescent

______ is the strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregiver.

Attachment

The strange situation procedure was designed to assess the quality of attachment between infant and caregiver. an infant's stage of moral development. whether an infant has imprinted on caregivers. whether an infant has developed object permanence.

the quality of attachment between infant and caregiver.

Between conception and birth, what major organ(s) form(s) first? liver brain heart lungs

brain

Regardless of whether a baby monkey nursed from the cloth mother or the wire mother, it spent most of its time with the _______ one.

cloth

A general term that describes a loss of mental function, in which many cognitive processes are impaired, such as the ability to remember, reason, solve problems, make decisions, and use language is ________.

dementia

Which step of death and dying is when one experiences a sense of utter disbelief?

denial

The process of how genotype becomes phenotype, and therefore, how we change and remain the same over the course of a lifetime is called human ______ .

development

Select all of the general categories of temperament in children: difficult child positive child slow-to-warm child easy child hard child negative child

difficult child slow-to-warm child easy child

Which of the following is NOT a "nurture" influence on gender identity?

hormones

Which of the following is NOT a "nurture" influence on gender identity? hormones cultural norms personal experiences social expectations

hormones

Gender identity is influenced by differences in which of the following? hormones genes brain structures age of maternal pregnancy

hormones genes brain structures

Erikson's model of personality development, each stage is defined by an Blank______ crisis or conflict.

identity

From months 3 through 5 of pregnancy, neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home in a process known as _______migration.

neuronal

During breastfeeding and physical contact with newborns, stress hormones are reduced by the release of _____ in both parent and infant. serotonin cortisol oxytocin progesterone

oxytocin

The group of people who share equal standing or status and are at the same level in terms of age, gender are often referred to as ______.

peers

_______ are people who share equal standing or status and are at the same level, in terms of age, gender, skill, or power.

peers

_______ _______is the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

prenatal programming

______ is the period when sexual maturation begins.

puberty

The _______ stage of cognitive development is when infants use their senses by moving their bodies.

sensorimotor

_______ _______is the distress reaction shown by babies when they are separated from their primary caregiver (typically shown at around 9 months of age).

separation anxiety

The ______ ______ procedure was designed to assess the quality of attachment between infants and their primary caregivers.

strange situation

A primary reason why infants must internalize the bonding relationship is so _______. they behave properly in the "strange" situation they have a model for future friendships and love relationships they know what predators look like and thus can avoid them

they have a model for future friendships and love relationships

A primary reason why infants must internalize the bonding relationship is so _______. they know what predators look like and thus can avoid them they behave properly in the "strange" situation they have a model for future friendships and love relationships

they have a model for future friendships and love relationships

Which of the following statements is true concerning LGBT youth, as compared to heterosexual youth? -No matter their sexual identity, all youth face extraordinary pressure and challenges. -They face additional challenges when developing their sense of sexual identity. -They generally find it easier to develop their sense of sexual identity.

They face additional challenges when developing their sense of sexual identity.

Which of the following is true of disoriented infants? They are possessive about their parents. They may freeze in the presence of their caregivers. They maltreat their caregivers. They display peculiar behaviors in a strange situation.

They may freeze in the presence of their caregivers. They display peculiar behaviors in a strange situation.

As compared to heterosexual youth, those who identify as LGBT face additional pressure and challenges that are linked with depressed mood and higher incidences of suicide.

True

Research has found that there are brain activity and brain structure differences in transgender individuals compared to cisgendered individuals.

True

Research reports that the amount of cuddling a parent provides a newborn can affect gene expression in the newborn for years.

True

The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood is called

adolescence

Which step of death and dying is when one feels the injustice of it all?

anger

Emerging adulthood spans the age range of

18-25 years old.

What did Harry Harlow's study on infant monkeys demonstrate? The importance of a mother providing warmth The superiority of the authoritarian parenting style The critical role of fathers Providing milk is the only thing required to create attachment.

The importance of a mother providing warmth

What does it mean that the caregiver must create a secure base for the child? -The infant needs to know that the caregiver is accessible and dependable to explore the world with confidence. -The infant must be more than a passive recipient to the caregiver's behavior.

The infant needs to know that the caregiver is accessible and dependable to explore the world with confidence.

Identify a true statement about an insecure-avoidant infant? The infant often shows high distress in separation episodes. The infant usually shows odd, conflicted behavior in strange situations. The infant always focuses on the mother. The infant often shows little to no distress in separation episodes.

The infant often shows little to no distress in separation episodes.

We pass more biological milestones before birth than we will during the rest of our lives.

True; Reason: Development in the womb is incredibly fast and complex and includes not only physical growth but psychological development as well.