Psychology Chapter 6, Psychology Chapter 7, Psychology Chapter 8

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C Tolman

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between a bell and whistle

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

severe

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself by watching others

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

practical

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you run out of gas

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior; reinforcements and punishments

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS+USC, continuous

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brains reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information

What is the Flynn effect?

The observational that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more persuasive daily stress affecting brain functions and development

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observing brown getting spanked for spitting out carrots, his friend was punished so he doesn't spit his out

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Everyday he wakes up with no memory and he is unable to form new memories

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher-order

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

if you want to remember info, think deeply and link it to other info making it more meaningful

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play mini golf as soon as you collect 10 stars for your reward chard

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language based knowledge and facts

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditional stimulus

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

one can learn new behaviors by observing others

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for eating oatmeal and counting how many times it takes until he eats it voluntarily

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym HOMES to remember the names of the Great Lakes

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list, so he does the same

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, where she came from or what happened

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

all of the concepts are examples of mental set

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song when you cant remember the lyrics

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, and laughing when you see other hats

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

musical

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

linguistic

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

logical-mathmatical

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

modest

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"

Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by caucasians, then African Americans

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.

automatic

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation bias

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

experiences

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

explicit memories consciously try to remember/recall; Implicit not part of our consciousness