Psychology chapter 7
The ____________ model of concepts emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical items in that category and look for a " Family Resemblance"
PROTOTYPE
All of the following are aspects of thinking, EXCEPT
Physically manipulating objects
The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions is known as _________________. This activity is involved in problem solving and decision making.
REASONING
In decades past, behaviorist psychologist claimed that language learning was the result of chains of responses that occurred through behavioral ______________
REINFORCEMENT
____________ refers to the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language
SEMANTICS
Millie wants to throw away an empty plastic milk jug because she insists that it is "useless" now that all of the milk is gone. Millie is exhibiting a specific kind of fixation known as
FUNCTIONAL FIXATION
What is the primary purpose if algorithms and heuristics?
THEY PROVIDE A WAY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS
Sternbergs ____________ theory of intelligence states that intelligence comes in three forms, ANALYTICAL, CREATIVE, and PRACTICAL
TRIARCHIC
What is the primary purpose of algorithms and heuristics?
They provide a way to SOLVE PROBLEMS
The availability heuristics suggest that
We judge the probability of an event on the size of the competing sample
What does the prototype model of concepts emphasize?
When people evaluate whether an item reflects a concept, they compare the item with the most typical item in that category
On Monday when you asked your friend if you should dump the person you're dating, she said yes. Now on Wednesday, she says no. Since you asked her twice and got two different answers, in terms of validity and reliability, her advice is not
RELIABLE
A researcher creates a new intelligence test. She gives the same test to a subject on three separate occasions, and the subject gets the same score each time. The researcher then realizes that the test is measuring personality, not intelligence. What Describes the researcher's test?
RELIABLE BUT NOT VALID
A normal distribution is a(n) ___________________, bell-shaped curve, showing the majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and a few score appearing toward the extremes of the range
SYMMETRICAL
Many experts believe that biological evolution that occurred long before _________ emerged shaped humans into linguistic individuals
LANGUAGE
We use _____, symbols, signs, or sounds arranged according to systematic rules to communicate our ideas.
LANGUAGE
________________ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols
LANGUAGE
The idea that intelligence is not a singular entity that can be accurately measured by an IQ test but rather a combination of many different capabilities is Gardner's _________________ intelligence theory
MULTIPLE
_________ ___________ is the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal
PROBLEM SOLVING
____________ consists of languages and rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences
SYNTAX
__________ involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, and making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.
THINKING
People use heuristics because
they save time; they save cognitive energy, they often lead to correct responses.
Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?
A liberal person avoiding discussion of serious issues with people who are conservative
What is a normal distribution?
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a majority of the scores fall in the middle of the range, and few scores appear toward the extremes
The _________ heuristic is a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of imagining similar events
AVAILABILITY
Which theorist suggests that there are nine types of intelligence, or "frame minds"?
HOWARD GARDNER
Which of the following is evidence for the behaviorists' view of language development?
The more parents speak to a child, the better the child is at acquiring language
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory consists of
analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence
The acronym IQ stands for which of the following?
intelligence quotient
Cognitive psychology is the study of
thought, language, memory, and reasoning
What is reasoning?
the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
Problem solving is which of the following?
the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal
Trevor was driving to work and saw another driver pulled over and receiving a ticket for speeding. Trevor drove carefully the rest of the way to work, thinking that "everybody is getting ticketed today." This is an example of the _____ heuristic
AVAILABILITY
Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness?
Alvin doesn't have a nutcracker to crack a walnut and doesn't consider using a stone weight.
A computer models how physicians diagnose illness. This is an example of
Artificial Intelligence
A computer models how technicians examine equipment failures. This is an example of
Artificial Intelligence
When considering the _____________ influences on language, a number of experts believe that language is a very recent human ability
Biological
Because they help us narrow down the possible solutions and find one that works, we are more likely to use __________ to solve the types of problems we face
HEURISTICS
After hearing someone answer a trivia question, you muse to yourself, " I knew the answer to that question." The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we can accurately predict an outcome or answer is known as which of the following?
HINDSIGHT BIAS
Walt was worried about his performance on an exam. After he saw that he had earned an A grade on an exam, his roommate told him that he knew Walt would earn an A, even though the roommate hadn't said anything about this in the days before the test. Walt's roommate is illustrating ___________________ ____________________ , which is sometimes called the " I knew it all along effect"
HINDSIGHT BIAS
Rhea is preparing the family home for her uncle, who is coming to visit. Rhea had only met him one time, but on that occasion, he was annoyed that the radio was playing loudly. Now, Rhea assumes he doesn't like music at all and puts her own radio in the closet. This is an example of __________ reasoning.
INDUCTIVE
Psychological research that uses specific observations of a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the general population from which the sample is drawn is an example of
INDUCTIVE REASONING
In the United States, _____________ is generally defined as an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and learn from experience.
INTELLIGENCE
Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's experiences is known as
INTELLIGENCE
________ refers to the way in which information is processed and manipulated in thinking, remembering, and knowing.
COGNITION
_________ refers to the way in which information is processed and manipulated in thinking, remembering, and knowing
COGNITION
__________________ psychology is a label for approaches that seek to explain observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be directly observed.
COGNITIVE
When it comes to categorizing new information, our brains use several techniques; for example, the mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics is call a(n) ________________
CONCEPT
_____________ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics
CONCEPTS
If you avoid talking with people who disagree with you on various issues but discuss those same topics with people who agree with you, you are displaying a _____ bias.
CONFIRMATION
Some language experts propose that there is a _________ period for language development and if a child isn't exposed to language within this timeframe, they are not likely to develop language
CRITICAL
Diego has heard that everyone at a nearby high school loves to play soccer, so when Diego meets Samuel, who is a student at the high school, Diego concludes that Samuel must be a soccer fan. Diego is using __________ reasoning.
DEDUCTIVE
Every child that Marco has ever seen loved crayons, so when he goes to babysit a child he has never met before, he is sure to bring paper and a big box of crayons with him. Marco is using ____.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Evaluating alternatives and making choices among these alternatives is known as
DECISION MAKING
_________________ is evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
DECISION MAKING
