Psychology Chapter 7 Inquisitive

Based on the levels of processing memory model, place in order how deeply the following information about dogs will be encoded, from the shallowest to the deepest.

1. A person glances at a magazine and sees a picture of a dog. 2. A person can remember all the breeds of dogs because she knows a song that lists them. 3. A person dog-sits and spends the weekend walking and playing with a dog. 4. A person who grew up with a dog enjoyed walking in the woods with her pet.

Identify the systems and processes of memory in Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) three-part memory model.

1. Sensory Input Encoding 2. Sensory Storage => Unattended Information is Lost 3. Attention and Encoding 4. Short-Term Storage => Information that is not manipulated is lost 5. Attention and Encoding 6. Long-Term Memory => Some information may be forgotten

Match each task with its corresponding memory type. 1.) Sensory Memory 2.) Long-Term Storage 3.) Short-Term Storage 4.) Working Memory

1.) A person drives by a store and glances at the clothes for sale in the window. 2.) After two weeks of self-testing, a student recalls information for a cumulative final exam. 3.) While looking idly out the car window, a man sees an interesting bird and begins to pay attention. 4.) A person repeats a phone number until he enters it into his contact list.

Match each type of memory failure with its corresponding example. 1.) Tip-of-the tongue phenomenon 2.) Proactive Interference 3.) Retroactive Interference

1.) Chad could picture the. movie actress and the first letter of her name, but he temporarily forgot her name. 2.) Erin took four years of French in high school. On her first college exam in Italian, she could recall the French words 3.) Caroline recently changed her computer password and could not recall her old password.

Match each example of a memory task with its type of long-term memory. 1.) When the lighting flashed, the child covered his ears, expecting the thunder to follow. 2.) Andrew lectured on the components of a newspaper article. 3.) Sami recalled the events of the music festival she attended. 4.) Although she had not played in years, Paula played and won at ping-pong.

1.) Classical Conditioning 2.) Semantic Memory 3.) Episodic Memory 4.) Procedural Memory

Label the main steps of information processing in memory on this figure. 1.) Changing information into a neural code the brain can use. Here the reader is inputting the visual input -- the words and pictures on the page. 2.) Maintaining information for some time. Here the reader is saving the information he has encoded. He is strengthening his mental storage by taking notes. 3.) Re-accessing the information for use. If the reader encodes and stores well, he will later be able to remember the information and use it, such as on an exam.

1.) Encoding 2.) Storage 3.) Retrieval

Label the different long-term memory systems. 1.) Requires conscious effort and often can be verbally described... a.) Personally experienced events b.) Facts and Knowledge 2.) Does not require conscious effort and often cannot be verbally described... a.) Associating two stimuli elicits a response b.) Motor skills and habits

1.) Explicit Memory a.) Episodic Memory b.) Semantic Memory 2.) Implicit Memory a.) Classical Conditioning b.) Procedural Memory

Match each name of the memory process with the appropriate step in studying for an exam. 1.) Attention 2.) Encoding 3.) Retrieval 4.) Storage

1.) Intentionally focusing on your textbook 2.) Reading and studying your textbook 3.) Recalling the definition of a key term from your memory 4.) Maintaining information until you take a test

Match each brain area with the type of information it processes or stores. 1.) Amygdala 2.) Temporal Lobe 3.) Cerebellum 4.) Prefrontal Cortex 5.) Hippocampus

1.) Learning to feel afraid when you hear ominous string music. 2.) Remembering the plot of a book you read. 3.) An experienced chef chopping an onion. 4.) Repeating a phone number until you can write it down. 5.) Learning your way around a new city.

Match each term with its definition. 1.) Schema 2.) Maintenance Rehearsal 3.) Elaborative Rehearsal

1.) Long-Term Memory Structures 2.) Rote Repetition 3.) Connecting new information to long-term memories

Match each type of memory distortion with its corresponding example. 1.) Suggestibility 2.) Memory Bias 3.) Misattribution 4.) Flashbulb Memory

1.) Mary grew up hearing stories of the great blizzard. She remembered walking home in this blizzard until she discovered that the blizzard occurred before she was born. 2.) After the passing of her father, Jane tended only to recall the positive experiences that she had shared with him. 3.) One wrote a poem, but later discovered it was actually parts of two famous poems. 4.) Jimmy retold a detailed story of how the tornado passed right by his house.

In an experiment to estimate the duration of sensory storage, participants were grouped into two conditions. In the first group, participants were shown 12 letters, arranged in three rows of four, for one-twentieth of a second and asked to recall what they had seen. In the other group, participants were shown the same letters, but they only had to report one of the three rows. The row they needed to report on was specified by a tone in a high, medium, or low pitch. Label the line in this graph that represents those who had to give a whole report of the letters seen and the line that represents those who had to give a partial report. 1.) Exponential Curve 2.) Linear Level Line

1.) Partial Report 2.) Whole Report

Which of the following are characteristics of sensory storage?

Correct Answers: Each sense contributes to sensory storage. Senses are available as a brief memory trace. There are five different sensory stores. Incorrect Answers: It causes us to experience motion of objects in discrete, separate steps. It is available for 20 to 30 seconds.

Which of the following are characteristics of long-term storage?

Correct Answers: It is relatively permanent. It has almost limitless capacity. Incorrect Answers: As new information is learned, old information is lost. It is limited to 20 to 30 items at a time.

Which of the following examples indicate memory problems as a result of forgetting?

Correct Answers: Jane cannot find her keys. Bill cannot answer a question on an exam after studying for it. Incorrect Answers: After hearing news that his high school friend was arrested for drunk driving, John falsely remembered a time his friend was drunk in class. Mike thought he remembered his boss telling staff about a policy change, but in actuality, the conversation occurred among staff.

Which of the following strategies enhance long-term memory by using retrieval cues?

Correct Answers: Joe drinks coffee while he studies, so he buys a cup of coffee on his way to his exam. Jason practices his speech in the classroom where he will deliver it. Ellen visualizes the empty spots in her kitchen cupboards to recall her grocery list. Incorrect Answers: Janet always drinks coffee and eats sweets when she studies, but she attempts to take her exam without relying on coffee or sweets. Bill practices the speech he will deliver to a full auditorium in his quiet bedroom. Marc looks at a long list of terms he has never seen and tries to memorize them by rote repetition.

In which of the following ways do schemas help a person encode and retrieve information?

Correct Answers: Perceive the information Organize the information Process the information Use the information Incorrect Answers: Form short-term memories Enhance maintenance rehearsal

Jason made index cards on a textbook chapter and always studied them in the same order. During the exam, he was able to recall the information on his first and last index cards, but not the ones in the middle. Which of the following explain why Jason was not able to recall the information from the middle of the chapter?

Correct Answers: Recency effect Primacy effect Incorrect Answers: Sensory Memory Chunking

Which memory tasks would H.M. (Henry Molaison) and others with his type of memory deficit have trouble completing?

Correct Answers: Repeating a conversation he'd had after his surgery. Remembering a new bus route. Recalling he had met someone recently. Incorrect Answers: Recalling events prior to his surgery. Performing motor tasks learned after his surgery. Tying his shoes.