Psychology Chapter 7

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy. Working backwards is an example of an algorithm. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives. Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula.

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common? None of the concepts occur in preindustrial societies. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 All of the concepts are examples of functional fixedness. All of the concepts are examples of problem-solving strategies. All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? Raymond Cattell Howard Gardner Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1

Robert Sternberg Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. academic analytical practical Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 creative

analytical

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 provide correct or established answers to a problem analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes. artificial simple Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 ideal absent

artificial

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. automatic diverse stereotypes Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 concepts

automatic

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. schema targeting Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 cognition personality

cognition

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. emotions concepts beliefs values Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

concepts

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. anchoring confirmation hindsight representational Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.5

confirmation

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. fluid analytic practical Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3, 2.2 creative

creative

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. creative practical Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 analytic crystallized

creative

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 ability to communicate lexicon ability to speak

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? dysfunction dyslexia dysthymia Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.2 dysgraphia

dyslexia

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. feeling; remembering emotion; memory recollection; sentiment Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 recall; retention

emotion;memory

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4, 2.5 are not encouraged to reach their potential are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure don't care about IQ testing

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4, 2.5

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________. more often experienced in English-speaking countries less often experienced in preindustrial countries experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally more often experienced in industrial countries Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.5

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________. behaviors experiences personality socialization Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

experiences

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? functional fixedness anchoring bias hindsight bias representative bias Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

functional fixedness

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________. direct experience versus indirect experience empirical knowledge versus personal opinion one piece of information versus all of the information personal opinion versus empirical knowledge Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2,5

one piece of information versus all of the information

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. one standard deviation below the mean two standard deviations above the mean one standard deviation above the mean 15 points above the average Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4

one standard deviation above the mean

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. morpheme audio phoneme syntax Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

phoneme

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. functional practical Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2 creative analytic

practical Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? working memory Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 perceptual reasoning processing memory verbal comprehension

processing memory

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. stereotype bias Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.5 representational bias availability heuristic confirmation bias

representational bias

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. artificial role event script Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

role

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? semantics interpretation language syntax Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

semantics

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________ determining understanding Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 thinking processing

thinking

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. chemicals actions thoughts Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 subconscious

thoughts Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. spatial Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2 bodily kinesthetic logical-mathematical interpersonal

logical-mathematical

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. mental set functional fixedness anchoring bias trial and error Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

mental set

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? profound severe Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2 mild moderate

severe Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. logical-mathematical naturalist bodily kinesthetic spatial Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

spatial Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. I thump Bob you Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1

I

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?" Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans. IQ tests are biased in favor of Caucasians. There is no racial or ethnic component to intelligence. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.5 Level II intelligence is prevalent among African Americans, followed by Asians, then Caucasians.

Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.

What is the Flynn effect? The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups.

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. babbling baby talk phoneme Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 lexicon

babbling

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? intrapersonal linguistic interpersonal naturalist Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2

interpersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. musical; linguistic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 logical-mathematical; interpersonal intrapersonal; naturalist interpersonal; intrapersonal

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? morpheme grammar lexicon phoneme Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

lexicon

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. spatial Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2,1.3, 2.2 logical-mathematical musical linguistic

linguistic

Schemata are a(an) ________. method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently source of emotional content for the brain Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 example of the brain's ability to form prototypes means of sublimating frustration

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? profound moderate severe Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 mild

mild

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? severe Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 mild modest profound

modest

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. letter phoneme morpheme phonic Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

morpheme

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. logical-mathematical spatial Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 linguistic musical

musical

What is confirmation bias? believing the event you just experienced was predictable focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision stereotyping someone or something unintentionally Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias