Psychology-Chapter 8

An example of an abstract concept would be

a bachelor.

Children between the ages of three and five incorrectly apply the rules of past tense and of plural when they say "sitted" instead of "sat" and "gooses" instead of "geese." This phase of language development reflects

a beginning knowledge of grammar.

Consider this problem: "A farmer had 15 sheep. All but 7 died. How many sheep did he have left?" Megan, the math major, arrived at the wrong answer; she said 8. Her response was probably based upon

a mental set.

Jamie's mother was concerned that her four-year-old daughter overregularized plurals and tenses. She took Jamie to Dr. Acton, a noted learning theorist, who advised her to

correct her grammar through imitation and repetition.

The psycholinguistic theory of language acquisition proposes that language development depends upon

environmental influences, parental reinforcement, inborn factors.

Rules of thumb that help simplify and solve problems are called

heuristics

Don solves puzzles and problems with ease. He probably uses all of the following EXCEPT

hypnosis

Preschool intervention programs have been found to

increase the likelihood of children going to college.

"Jack hit Robert;" "Robert was hit by Jack;" and "Jack struck Robert" all convey the same meaning, yet each sentence takes a somewhat different form. This capacity to combine words into original sentences and to say the same thing with different sentences refers to

infinite creativity.

After setting a five-year goal for their company, a group of managers look at where the company is today and the steps needed to achieve the end goal. They are using a technique called

means-end analysis.

Mom points to an object and tells her 2-year-old what it is. The baby then points and repeats the label. According to the social cognitive perspective, Mom serves as a ____ for the child to acquire language skills.

model

To teach his child the prototype for cat, Dad points to many examples in books, at home, on TV and in the neighborhood, while saying the word "cat." These are ____ of the cat concept.

positive instances

A prototype for the category "weather" would be

rain.

For a communication system to involve the use of true language, the following must be demonstrated:

semanticity, infinite creativity and displacement.

The sentence "Low flying airplanes can be dangerous" has a different meaning from "Flying airplanes low can be dangerous." Even though both sentences have the same words, only the order of the words differs. These differences in meaning are the concern of

semantics.

Among the seven kinds of intelligence, Howard Gardner includes

sensitivity to other's feelings, awareness of one's own feelings, language ability.

A novice problem solver is likely to try to handle one aspect of the problem at a time. This is called ____ processing.

serial

Which of the following would NOT be categorized as belonging to the same "concept?"

speech.

You can't remember the last number in your best friend's telephone number. You need to reach him/her, so you decide to keep trying different numbers until you find the right one. This method is called

systematic random search.

Overconfidence in our judgments, even when they are wrong, tends to be based upon

the lack of awareness in our faulty decision making, focusing only on examples that coincide with our judgments, self-fulfilling prophecies.

The representativeness heuristic leads people to make judgments about events according to

the population of events that they appear to represent.

Experts solve problems more efficiently and rapidly than novices do because

they can remember the elements of the problem, they can mentally represent the parts of the problem, they can relate the problem to similar problems.

The mental activity involved in processing,understanding, and making judgments and decisions about information is called

thinking

Thinking enables individuals to

understand mathematical formulas, balance a checkbook, create computers.

All of the following statements reflect Gardner's ideas about multiple intelligences EXCEPT

Highly intelligent persons score high on all forms of intelligence.