Psychology Chapter 8 (Launchpad 2)

Adipose tissue

Energy that is not needed to meet your immediate bodily needs is stored in the form of body fat called ___ ___.

Energy balance

Ghrelin (an appetite stimulating hormone manufactured by cells lining the stomach) is involved in the long-term regulation of ___ ___ and weight.

Weight-cycling

(yo-yo dieting)- the weight loss through dieting is regained in weeks or months and maintained until the next attempt at dieting.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A numerical measure of body fat and weight status based on height and weight

The increases in the availability of high-positive incentive value foods that have occured over the past few decades in industrialized nations-increases that have been much too rapid to produce adaptive evolutionary change.

According to John P. J. Pinel and his colleagues what has promoted levels of "consumption that are far higher than those that are compatible with optimal health and long life?

Ghrelin

An appetite stimulating (strongly) hormone manufactured by cells lining the stomach. It also seems to be involved in the long-term regulation of energy balance and weight.

Sensory-specific satiety

As you eat a meal, food becomes less appealing, especially the specific food that you are eating. By the fourth piece of pizza, the pizza's appeal starts to diminish. But if different appealing food becomes available, your willingness to eat returns.

Betina will eat something if he can

Betina's glucose levels have dropped slightly. Knowing this one can reliably predict that:

Increase; increase

Bilal has lost 20 pounds. His weight is below its optimal set point. One would expect his levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to _____ in order to _____ hunger and fat storage.

Resistance

Graham is trying to understand the relationship between leptin and weight. He knows that most obese people have high blood levels of leptin. He learns that as a result of leptin _____, the normal mechanisms by which leptin regulates body weight and energy balance may be disrupted in obese individuals.

his blood sugar will return to baseline, and he won't feel as hungry in an hour.

Hercule is a healthy male. His blood sugar has dropped slightly. He is driving through the Gobi desert with no food in the car, and he has to wait for a little over an hour before he comes to any place to obtain food. One can predict that:

Leptin

Hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.

Multiple genes are involved in creating susceptibility to obesity. People with a family history of obesity are 2 to 3 times more likely to become obese than people with no such family history.

How are genes involved?

Your feelings of hunger have been classically conditioned by experience. Time of day or other stimuli, such as your kitchen or campus cafeteria, can become associated with the anticipation of eating and trigger the physiological signals that increase your sense of hunger.

How does classical conditioning play a role in eating?

Not getting enough sleep is another factor that affects metabolic rate. Multiple studies have shown that inadequate sleep disrupts metabolism, including secretion of the hunger-related hormones leptin and ghrelin. People who sleep fewer than 7 hours a night have higher BMIs than people who sleep less are more likely to be overweight or obese.

How does inadequate sleep play a role?

Involved in the many ways that eating behaviors are positively reinforced. Why we stop eating, satiation- the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that follows eating.

How does operant conditioning and positive reinforcement play a role in eating?

When the level of these hormones in the brain increases, food intake is reduced and the body's fat stores shrink over time. When fat stores shrink, blood levels of leptin decrease, triggering eating behavior.

How is the hormone insulin also involved in brain mechanisms controlling food intake and body weight?

A third of adults, over 97 million people, are considered medically obese.

How many adult Americans are obese, with a BMI of 30 or above?

Neuro peptide Y (NPY)

If you lose weight, decreased leptin and insulin levels promote the secretion of ___ by the hypothalamus.

Hypothalamus

In combination, the long-term and short-term eating-related signals provide a feedback loop that is monitored by what part of the brain?

Leptin resistance

In which the normal mechanisms through which leptin regulated body weight and energy balance are disrupted.

Secreted by the pancreas. It helps control blood levels of glucose and promotes the uptake f glucose by the muscles and other body tissues.

Insulin is secreted by what gland? What does it do?

Increase; decrease

Noor has gained 20 pounds over her optimal weight. We would expect her levels of leptin and insulin to _____ in order to _____ her feelings of hunger.

Once Juanita begins eating, her glucose levels will

Once Juanita begins eating, her glucose levels will:

Glucose

Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats.

His ghrelin levels are low

Terrell is not feeling hungry, MOST likely because:

Obesity

Tess has a problem with _____ because she has a body mass index (BMI) of 34.

Satiation

The feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that follows eating.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

The sensitivity of the stomach stretch receptors is increased by a hormone called ___.

Set-point theory

Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called the ___-___ weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism.

Stretch receptors

These are in the stomach and they communicate sensory information to the brainstem.

More than 1/3 of the population

Today, how many adult Americans are considered to be overweight?

Hypothalamus

What area of the brain is primarily responsible for receiving hunger signals?

Obese individuals has significantly fewer dopamine receptors, colored red, than the normal-weight individuals. And, among the obese people in the study, the number of dopamine receptors decreased as BMI increased. Thus, it could be that compulsive or binge eating compensated for reduced dopamine function by stimulating the brain's reward system.

What did a recent study revealed about neurotransmitters for obese individuals compared to normal subjects?

Metabolism decreases with ago, so fewer calories are required to meet your basic energy needs. Thus, it is not surprising that many people begin to gain weight in early and middle adulthood.

What happens to the percentage of overweight people through through adulthood?

Blood levels of ___ rise sharply before and fall abruptly after meals.

What happens to your body temperature and metabolism prior to eating? What happens as the meal is consumed?

The human body is much more effective at vigorous defending against weight loss than it is at protecting against weight gain.

What is one reason for weight-cycling?

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

When the body is at rest, that rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration (specific absorption rate).

Energy homeotasis

Your typical or average body weight is called your baseline body weight, which is maintained by a process called ___ ___.

Baseline body weight

Your typical or average body weight.