Psychology Chapter 8 Part 1

Which of these will one MOST likely store as an implicit memory? A. A mental image of one's best friend B. The date of one's birth C. One's name D. One's conditioned fear of guns

D.

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

Deep Processing

The spacing effect refers to the benefit of _____ practice.

Distributed

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Echoic Memory

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Effortful Processing

The process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Encoding

The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ___________, __________________, and _______________.

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

When Lisa earns a perfect score on a(n) _____ test in history, she passes a _____ test of memory.

Essay; Recall

Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory. )

Explicit Memories

Sensory memory is to _____ as long-term memory is to _____.

Fleeting; Permanent

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Iconic Memory

Sensory memory may be visual ( _________________ memory) or auditory ( ______________ memory).

Iconic; Echoic

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory).

Implicit Memories

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Recall

A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _____________.

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Recognition

One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

Rehearsal

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Relearning

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Retrieval

At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin's three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?

Sensory Memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Sensory Memory

Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about ________ digits.

Seven

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.

Shallow Processing

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Short Term Memory

As Trent reads a textbook, he actively integrates sentences with the memory representation of earlier sentences that he is maintaining in memory. Trent's active processing is taking place in _____ memory.

Working

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, _____ memory is MOST important.

Working

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming sensory information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working Memory

What are two basic functions of working memory?

(1) Active processing of incoming visual and auditory information. (2) focusing our spotlight of attention.

Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the 11-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number.

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Chunking

Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, college student Feng Wang could repeat back _____ digits.

200

Participants in George Sperling's experiment stared at a screen on which three rows of letters were flashed for just one-twentieth of a second. If Sperling sounded a high-pitched, medium-pitched, or low-pitched tone within _____, the person could recall the letters in the corresponding row.

A few tenths of a second

The concept of working memory A. Clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage. B. Splits short-term memory into two substages—sensory memory and iconic memory. C. Splits short-term memory into two types—implicit and explicit memory. D. Clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on space, time, and frequency.

A.

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-earned information, such as word meanings.

Automatic Processing

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Long Term Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Memory

Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organizational devices (such as acronyms) are called ________________.

Mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonics

the processing of many aspects of a stimulus of problem simultaneously

Parallel Processing

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Spacing Effect

The process of retaining encoded information overtime.

Storage

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Testing Effect