Psychology Chapters 1 & 2

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching the cognitive changes that occur over time. Why?

In developed countries people are living longer

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

Introspection

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology

It ignores non genetic factors in determining behaviors

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is complex

Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?

Sigmund Freud

A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.

Skinner box

Psyche is Greek word meaning ______.

Soul

Correctly order psychology perspectives from earliest view point

Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first

Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?

Youthful looks provide fertility clues

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to _____.

Study the function of behavior in the world

William James was?

The first American psychologist

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Wilheim Wundt

When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait.

agreeableness

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.

attrition

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

attrition

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

between -1 and +1

Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?

counseling psychology

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?

critical thinking, use of the scientific method, critical evaluation of sources of information

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

detailed information

One would need at least a _______ degree to serve as school psychologist

doctoral

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments

double-blind

Scientific knowledge is ________.

empirical

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

examination of anatomy and physiology

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.

experiment

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait

extroversion

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

Peer reviewers ________.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait.

openness

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.

operant conditioning

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

operationalize

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________psychologist.

personality

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mid were undertaken by those in _____.

philosophy

behaviorists all focus on

physiological responses that result in action

Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD, which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers.

postdoctoral

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.

psychoanalytic theory

________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

random sampling

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________.

retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

sample; population; generalization

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

small sample size

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study

statistical analysis

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.

study the function of behavior

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable metal processes

Which of the following defines hypothesis?

tentative explanation

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.

the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

A ________ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted

veterinarian

A person's participation in a research project must be ________.

voluntary

must be ________.

voluntary

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.

were not testable

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

+0.2

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?

1879

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

2/3

A researcher interested in what factors make and employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) _______ psychologist

I-O

Which of the following statements is not a hypothesis?

Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research?

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

In Marlow's hierarchy of needs, the _______ include food, water, and shelter.

Basic survival needs

Why is psychology considered a social science?

Behavior is biological and our biology influences our interactions with others

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

Biological

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?

Carl Rogers

The ________ reviews research conducted using animal subjects

IACUC

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the _______ trait.

Conscientiousness

Steps of scientific method

Define Question Make Predictions Gather Data Analyze Draw conclusions

Which kind of psychological area does Jean Piaget exemplify?

Developmental

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.

IACUC; IRB

In the study of personality, the ______ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion

Five factor.

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

Forensic

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

Which of the following does not influence perception?

Gestalt

______ perspective in psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to humans.

Humanism

________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation

Jane Goodall

Which of the following was a behaviorist?

John Watson

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components

Max Wertheimer

Number 1 occupation for graduates with BA in psychology?

Mid& top level management

Psychology is social science discipline, psychologists scientifically study.

Mind and behavior.

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?

Naomi Weisstein

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.

Neuroticism

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.

PhD

The _____ places less emphasis on research and more on application.

PsyD

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil.

The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior.

The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research?

They have higher attrition rates than other populations

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and _____ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

Unconditional positive regard

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head

case study

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

case study

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning

circular

A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.

clinical

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

confirmation bias

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

confounding variable

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

correlation

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter

independent variable

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable

independent- dependent

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

industrial-organizational

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers

inter-rater reliability

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.

it is closest to 0

why do scientist refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution

it is the best understanding we have of that part of the natural world

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time

longitudinal

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

longitudinal research

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

master's degree

A basic experiment involves a

minimum of ________ participant group(s).; two

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

naturalistic observation

If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation