Psychology Exam 2

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? -Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. -Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. -Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. -Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn? -after he has received some exciting news -after he is relaxed from finishing his daily meditation -during a period of tranquility -immediately after his calming afternoon nap

after he has received some exciting news

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"?

Hans Selye

Encoding information occurs through ________. -automatic processing and effortful processing -automatic storing and effortful retrieving -processing and storing -storing and retrieving

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? -Judd does not believe he is good at math. -Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school. -Stacia thinks that Tammy underestimates her abilities. -Tony knows that Yancy frequently brags about his accomplishments.

Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.

What is confirmation bias? -believing the event you just experienced was predictable -focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs -focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision -stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural and artificial

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? -being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once -dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation -remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV -thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. Greg is ________.

obese

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis? -He compared rats with brain damage to rats without brain damage on how quickly they could solve a puzzle to get food. -He observed rats with brain damage gradually learn the correct route through a maze and then apply that knowledge to get through a different maze. -He timed rats with brain damage and rats without brain damage to see which could complete a maze quicker. -He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? -Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. -Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. -Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. -Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

15. Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. -believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g -developed Multiple Intelligences Theory -developed triarchic theory of intelligence -divided intelligence into two components

divided intelligence into two components

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

semantic encoding

Which of the following is an example of a secondary appraisal of a stressor? -Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective. -Jensen decides the risk of being caught shoplifting is very low, and the risk of being caught during an armed robbery is very high. -Mahmoud experiences an intense and irrational fear of dogs. -Victoria believes paragliding is a frightening activity.

Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? -Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. -Emotions can be a conditioned response. -Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. -One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true? -He is considered the founder of behaviorism. -He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. -He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. -He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? -John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. -John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. -John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. -John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress? -The heart is subjected to abnormal pressure. -The immune system is weakened. -The lungs are placed are under stress. -The thyroid is damaged.

The immune system is weakened.

Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome? -Diamond begs her mother for a puppy even after she is told she can't have one. -It is time for Fallon's nap, but he cannot fall sleep. -Patrice can't stop talking even after her teacher asks her to remain silent. -Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. -analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast -produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem -provide correct or established answers to a problem -think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________. -best action to take in order to eliminate the stressor -body's baseline reaction to ordinary events -body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it -mental health of the individual

body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion; mood

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. -another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage -memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running -rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward -rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.

posttraumatic stress disorder

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?

set point

Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? -According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor. -According to the James-Lange theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal. -According to the James-Lange theory, facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, facial expressions are incapable of influencing our emotions.

According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress? -Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside. -Carrie experiences stress because she notices her car is almost out of gas and worries about being stranded on the highway, but then she feels better when she sees a gas station nearby. -Grace experiences stress when she sees the coyote, but Mary thinks the coyote is a dog so she does not experience stress. -Laura experiences stress because her heart rate increased when she noticed the spider.

Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research? -Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables. -Kinsey recorded measurements of physiological variables; Masters and Johnson collected data with personal interviews. -Kinsey's research was funded and the Masters and Johnson research was not. -The research of Masters and Johnson was considered very controversial and the research of Kinsey was not.

Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables.

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law? -An individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task influences his ability to complete the task. -Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis. -Humans experience a spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization. -Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism? -Research clearly shows neither approach is effective. -Research shows anger expression is more effective. -Research shows anger suppression is more effective. -Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis? -The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that it is possible to influence our emotions while the facial feedback hypothesis does not. -The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not. -The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions. -The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions.

The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not.

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? -blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating -determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting -pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand -rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

What is Prader-Willi syndrome? -genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism -an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise -larger individuals have an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change and smaller individuals do not -smaller individuals have an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change and larger individuals do not

genetic disorder that results in persistent feelings of intense hunger and reduced rates of metabolism

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.

overjustification

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. -animals process memories the same way as people -short-term memory itself has different forms -people process happy memories better than sad memories -people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color

short-term memory itself has different forms

Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases. -moderately elevated rates of lung cancer -significantly elevated rates of heart disease -slightly shorter life spans -survivor guilt

significantly elevated rates of heart disease

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

taste aversion